Fig. 20.

Pictorial representation of the el-QM-AdResS scheme. The macroscopic chemical potential ${\mu }_{\text{macro}}^{\mathit{QM}}$ is imposed by the thermodynamic force (or equivalently by the free energy balancing force) in the MM region and the $\Delta$ region as in the classical AdResS scheme. ${\mu }_{\text{el}}^{\text{QM}}={\mu }_{\text{el}}^{\text{ref}}$ indicates the electronic chemical potential of the QM region that must correspond to the chemical potential of the bulk in a full quantum calculation. Figure reproduced from Ref. [129], Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA. Reproduced with permission