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. 2021 Oct 12;9:734540. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.734540

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Copyright © 2021 O'Dea, Kelly, McKenna, Strickland, Hurley, Butler, Vavasseur, EL-Khuffash, Miletin, Fallah, White, Wyse and Molloy.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cytokine levels in NE and control after LPS stimulation. Whole blood sampling was performed in the 1st week of life, samples were stimulated with 1 μg/ml of LPS, and a 14-spot ELISA Multiplex Cytokine Array was performed. Graphs represent pg/ml of each cytokine measured in samples of control, NE days 1–2, and NE days 3–4. Cytokines measured are (A) Epo, (B) IL-1ra, (C) IL-6, (D) IL-8, (E) IL-10, (F) GM-CSF, (G) VEGF, (H) IFN-γ, (I) IL-2, and (J) TNF-α. p* = p < 0.05, p** = p < 0.01, p*** = p < 0.001, p**** = p < 0.0001. NE, neonatal encephalopathy; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Epo, erythropoietin; IL, interleukin; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.