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Tracheal mesenchyme patterning. Many signaling pathways intersect to regulate the characteristic muscle-cartilage pattern found in the trachea. Wnt and Shh signaling appear to be required to promote expression of Sox9, a common chondrocyte marker. FGF is thought to both promote Sox9 and regulate formation of distinct cartilage rings. Tbx4/5 mutants display reduced cartilage and disrupted smooth muscle.
