TABLE 1.
Differences in TMAO, BMI, plasma metabolite concentrations, and abundances of genes (grdH, cntA, and cutC) encoding key enzymes of main TMA-forming pathways in stool samples between the two dietary groups (rare meat consumption and daily meat consumption)a
| Variable | Value |
p.val | p.adj | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 425) | Rare meat consumption (n = 214) | Daily meat consumption (n = 211) | |||
| Sex [no. (%)] | <0.01 | ||||
| Female | 211 (49.6) | 153 (71.5) | 58 (27.5) | ||
| Male | 214 (50.4) | 61 (28.5) | 153 (72.5) | ||
| Age (yrs) | <0.01 | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 52.6 (15.6) | 55.1 (15.4) | 50.1 (15.6) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 53.0 (22.0, 88.0) | 56.0 (23.0, 88.0) | 51.0 (22.0, 81.0) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.021 | <0.01 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 28.2 (5.33) | 27.6 (5.05) | 28.8 (5.55) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 27.6 (18.3, 52.9) | 26.6 (18.3, 44.5) | 28.4 (18.3, 52.9) | ||
| Betaine (μM) | 0.018 | 0.003 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 19.9 (13.7) | 18.8 (13.7) | 20.9 (13.7) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 16.2 (1.48, 120) | 15.2 (1.48, 78.2) | 17.6 (4.73, 12) | ||
| Carnitine (μM) | 0.018 | 0.006 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 46.5 (21.0) | 44.6 (21.0) | 48.6 (20.9) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 42.8 (4.99, 125) | 41.0 (4.99, 124) | 44.8 (14.1, 125) | ||
| Choline (μM) | 0.039 | 0.018 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 8.26 (3.75) | 7.95 (3.87) | 8.57 (3.61) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 7.51 (0.288, 27.7) | 7.23 (0.288, 27.7) | 7.80 (0.518, 22.8) | ||
| grdH (×105)b | 0.879 | 0.812 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 0.165 (0.295) | 0.167 (0.315) | 0.163 (0.274) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 0.073 (0.007, 3.24) | 0.0723 (0.007, 3.24) | 0.0751 (0.007, 1.95) | ||
| cntA (×105)b | 0.014 | 0.062 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 1.59 (8.32) | 2.37 (11.3) | 0.808 (2.84) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 0.029 (0.029, 134) | 0.029 (0.029, 134) | 0.029 (0.029, 23.4) | ||
| cutC (×105)b | 0.036 | 0.119 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 1.43 (1.50) | 1.54 (1.70) | 1.32 (1.25) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 1.12 (0.042, 15.5) | 1.19 (0.051, 15.5) | 1.09 (0.042, 10.5) | ||
| TMAO (μM) | 0.746 | 0.759 | |||
| Mean (SD) | 3.27 (5.31) | 3.34 (5.05) | 3.20 (5.58) | ||
| Median (min, max) | 2.10 (0.373, 74.6) | 2.14 (0.466, 57.4) | 2.01 (0.373, 74.6) | ||
a
P values of <0.05 are shown in boldface. Raw P values (p.val) based on linear regression analyses are given. Age was determined as an important explanatory variable (see the text), and P values adjusted for age (p.adj) are given as well. For sex, the χ2 test was used and no p.adj is available. min, minimum; max, maximum.
b
Gene copies per 10 ng of DNA are given.