Table 1.
Funding sources and characteristics of included studies (n=225)
| Articles | % | |
| Funding | ||
| Government | 120 | 53.3 |
| Institutional | 51 | 22.7 |
| Non-governmental | 36 | 16.0 |
| Industry/corporation | 15 | 6.7 |
| International | 9 | 4.0 |
| None | 8 | 3.6 |
| Not listed | 50 | 22.2 |
| Number of authors | ||
| 1–3 | 59 | 26.2 |
| 4–6 | 81 | 36.0 |
| 7–9 | 44 | 19.6 |
| 10–15 | 29 | 12.9 |
| 16–21 | 10 | 4.4 |
| >21 | 2 | 0.9 |
| Ten most common countries (study setting) | ||
| USA | 85 | 37.8 |
| The Netherlands | 20 | 8.9 |
| China | 13 | 5.8 |
| Australia | 12 | 5.3 |
| Korea | 12 | 5.3 |
| Canada | 11 | 4.9 |
| UK | 9 | 4.0 |
| Finland | 5 | 2.2 |
| Taiwan | 5 | 2.2 |
| Germany | 4 | 1.8 |
| Ten most common disciplines involved (based on FoR, ANZSRC)* | ||
| Medical and Health Sciences | 160 | 71.1 |
| Information, Computing and Communication Sciences | 66 | 29.3 |
| Engineering and Technology | 33 | 14.7 |
| Behavioural and Cognitive Sciences | 14 | 6.2 |
| Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts—General | 10 | 4.4 |
| Studies in Human Society | 10 | 4.4 |
| Mathematical Sciences | 7 | 3.1 |
| Biological Sciences | 6 | 2.7 |
| Commerce, Management, Tourism and Services | 6 | 2.7 |
| Science (general) | 4 | 1.8 |
| Institutions | ||
| Academia/university | 212 | 94.2 |
| Hospital/health facility | 63 | 28.0 |
| Industry | 30 | 13.3 |
| Government | 18 | 8.0 |
| Not-for-profit/charity/community centre | 18 | 8.0 |
| Defence | 2 | 0.9 |
| Intended outcome of the study† | ||
| Individual digital health promotion tool (app, website, wearable) | 80 | 35.6 |
| Community/public health programme and system (in-person) | 72 | 32.0 |
| Algorithm | 52 | 23.1 |
| Diagnostic test (omics, microbiome) | 15 | 6.7 |
| Non-diagnostic implanted medical device (for monitoring, prevention, treatment) | 8 | 3.6 |
| Other (questionnaire, exploratory study (1), or survey instrument (2)) | 6 | 2.7 |
| Study design‡ | ||
| Cross-sectional study | 55 | 24.4 |
| Technology/tool testing | 42 | 18.7 |
| Qualitative research | 37 | 16.4 |
| Randomised controlled trial | 36 | 16.0 |
| Non-randomised experimental study | 22 | 9.8 |
| Cohort study | 14 | 6.2 |
| Clinical prediction rule | 12 | 5.3 |
| Diagnostic test accuracy study | 10 | 4.4 |
| Case series | 5 | 2.2 |
| Case–control study | 2 | 0.9 |
| Text and opinion | 2 | 0.9 |
| Protocol | 17 | 7.6 |
The disciplines and institutions involved are based on author affiliation/s.
*FoR (Field of Research) classifies research according to methodology and is one of the three ANZSRC classifications. The ANZSR includes a set of three related classifications for measurement and analysis of research in Australia and New Zealand (https://www.arc.gov.au/grants/grant-application/classification-codes-rfcd-seo-and-anzsic-codes).
†One article can have multiple intended outcomes.
‡One article can include multiple study components with different study designs. We have also identified protocols, and the intended study design of these protocols were also identified.
ANZSRC, Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification.