Table 2.
Indirect Effects from Childhood Adversity to Health Via Cardiovascular Reactivity
| Dunedin (n = 922 | MIDUS (n = 1,015) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| HR reactivity | BP reactivity | HR reactivity | BP reactivity | |
| ACEs → Self-reported health: Direct effect | −0.12* [−0.19, −0.06] | −0.12* [−0.19, −0.05] | −0.25* [−0.32, −0.17] | −0.25* [−0.32, −0.17] |
| Indirect effect | −0.01* [−0.02, −0.00] | −0.02* [−0.03, −0.01] | −0.01 [−0.02, −0.00] | −0.01* [−0.02, −0.00] |
| ACEs → Inflammation: Direct effect | 0.09* [0.02, 0.15] | 0.10* [0.03, 0.17] | 0.08* [0.01, 0.14] | 0.08* [0.02, 0.15] |
| Indirect effect | 0.01 [−0.00, 0.02] | 0.02* [0.00, 0.03] | 0.01 [−0.00, 0.01] | 0.01* [0.00, 0.02] |
| ACEs → Hypertensive status†: Direct effect | −0.01 [−0.13, 0.12] | 0.06 [−0.07, 0.18] | −0.04 [−0.09, 0.01] | −0.02 [−0.13, 0.04] |
| Indirect effect | 0.00 [−0.02, 0.02] | 0.01 [−0.01, 0.03] | −0.01* [−0.01, −0.00] | 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01] |
| ACEs → Pace of aging: Direct effect | 0.18* [0.11, 0.25] | 0.18* [0.11, 0.25] | — | — |
| Indirect effect | 0.02* [0.01, 0.03] | 0.02* [0.01, 0.04] | — | — |
| ACEs → Mortality†: Direct effect | — | — | 0.12* [0.04, 0.20] | 0.12* [0.04, 0.20] |
| Indirect effect | — | — | 0.01 [−0.00, 0.02] | 0.01 [−0.01, 0.02] |
| Childhood SES → Self-reported health: Direct effect | 0.15* [0.09, 0.22] | 0.15* [0.10, 0.24] | 0.12* [0.06, 0.19] | 0.12* [0.06, 0.19] |
| Indirect effect | 0.01* [0.00, 0.02] | 0.02* [0.01, 0.03] | 0.00 [−0.00, 0.01] | 0.01 [−0.00, 0.02] |
| Childhood SES → Inflammation: Direct effect | −0.13* [−0.19, −0.06] | −0.13* [−0.19, −0.06] | −0.08* [−0.15, −0.01] | −0.08* [−0.15, −0.02] |
| Indirect effect | −0.01 [−0.02, 0.00] | −0.01* [−0.02, −0.00] | −0.00 [−0.01, 0.00] | −0.01 [−0.00, 0.00] |
| Childhood SES → Hypertensive status†: Direct effect | −0.14* [−0.26, −0.01] | −0.17* [−0.31, −0.04] | 0.00 [−0.01, 0.01] | 0.00 [−0.02, 0.02] |
| Indirect effect | 0.00 [−0.02, 0.02] | −0.01 [−0.02, 0.01] | 0.00 [−0.00, 0.00] | −0.00 [−0.00, 0.00] |
| Childhood SES → Pace of aging: Direct effect | −0.21* [−0.29, −0.17] | −0.22* [−0.27, −0.16] | — | — |
| Indirect effect | −0.02* [−0.03, −0.01] | −0.02* [−0.03, −0.01] | — | — |
| Childhood SES → Mortality†: Direct effect | — | — | −0.00 [−0.03, 0.03] | 0.00 [−0.03, 0.03] |
| Indirect effect | — | — | −0.00 [−0.01, 0.01] | −0.00 [−0.01, 0.01] |
Models are adjusted for sex and baseline cardiovascular activity. MIDUS models are also adjusted for age. ACEs = Adverse childhood experiences, HR = heart rate, BP = blood pressure.
†
All statistics are β values except results for hypertension and mortality, which are log survival odds.
*
= p < .05