Table 7.

Recommendation and Evidence of Complementary and Alternative Therapies Suggested for Chronic Constipation According to the Different Guidelines

	European GL	French GL	Spanish GL	Korean GL
Complementary and Alternative Medicine	Positive effect of Chinese herbal medicine, (but it is not known which formulation is best) ● Evidence: Low ● Recommendation: Weak ● Agreement:100% Insufficient evidence to recommend or not acupuncture, moxibustion or herbal remedies (other than Chinese herbal medicine) ● Evidence: Very low ● Recommendation: Weak ● Agreement:100% Abdominal massage may have a positive effect, but it needs to be standardized before it could be recommended ● Evidence: Very low ● Recommendation: Weak ● Agreement:100%	It is impossible to express a definite opinion about their positive or negative effect but any judgement can be formulated only as an expert recommendation.	NA	NA
Psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy and hypnotherapy	Not positive, not negative on constipation, even if they improve quality of life ● Evidence: Very low ● Recommendation: Weak ● Agreement:100%	NA	NA	NA

Abbreviation: NA, not assessed.