Table 2.

Summary of Barriers to Diabetes Patients’ Self-Care Practices from Health Care Providers’ Perspectives in Hiwot Fana Specialized Comprehensive Hospital and Jugal Hospital, Harar, 2021, Eastern Ethiopia

Category	Main Themes	Sub-Themes	Descriptions
Health Care System	Lack of organized diabetes care services	Lack of well-integrated services for diabetes care Unavailability of experts (Endocrinologists) Lack of in-service training of health workers Lack of trained diabetes nurse educators Inconsistent availability of laboratory tests and drugs Poor response to Covid-19 pandemic	Arrangement of services entry points into one corner for easy access Sub-specialists who make the correct diagnosis and treatment On-job training for health workers about diabetes care Trained nurses who educate and assist patients in self-care practices HbA1c, lipid panel, electrolytes, and organ function tests Lack of home care, glucose monitoring, and telephone consultation
Health Care Providers	Limited Collaborative Practices	Lack of multidisciplinary team DM care Unavailability of holistic care provision Inadequate patient-centered diabetes care Limited and contradictory information provision	Services delivered by interprofessional teams of HCPs Package of cares that addresses the whole aspects of patients Care considers patient’s interests, values, and decision Unstructured and incomplete diabetes care information
Patients with Diabetes	Lack of knowledge about diabetes and its care	Misperception about diabetes and its care Lack of self-motivation to practices self-care Incapable of changing dietary habits Low health literacy level	Misunderstanding about DM and its life-long self-care practices Lacks self-courage and inspiration to engage into self-care Eat their usual diet or any diet they get due to food insecurity Unable to read, write, and understand health information