Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Entire cohort (N=529) | AKI (N=59) | Non-AKI (N=470) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | 213 (40.3) | 23 (39.0) | 190 (40.4) | 0.94 | |
| Age, yr | 65.0 (53.0-78.0) | 65.0 (59.0-79.5) | 65.0 (53.0-77.0) | 0.06 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.7 (21.3-26.6) | 23.1 (20.4-25.6) | 23.7 (21.3-26.6) | 0.37 | |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 121 (100-145) | 124 (100-148) | 121 (100-145) | 0.52 | |
| Diastolic BP, mm Hg | 70 (60-85) | 70.0 (61-88) | 70 (60-84) | 0.80 | |
| ED score (1-100) | 30.0 (30.0-32.0) | 30.0 (30.0-31.5) | 30.0 (30.0-32.0) | 0.38 | |
| Medical history | |||||
| CKD | 95 (18.0) | 13 (22.0) | 82 (17.4) | 0.26 | |
| CHF | 87 (16.4) | 12 (20.3) | 75 (16.0) | 0.25 | |
| Pulmonary diseases | 93 (17.6) | 10 (16.9) | 83 (17.7) | 1.00 | |
| Neurologic diseases | 91 (17.2) | 10 (16.9) | 81 (17.2) | 1.00 | |
| Liver diseases | 37 (7.0) | 3 (5.1) | 34 (7.2) | 0.78 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 156 (29.5) | 22 (37.3) | 134 (28.5) | 0.08 | |
| Principal diagnosis on ED admission | |||||
| Sepsis | 300 (56.7) | 37 (62.7) | 263 (56.0) | 0.32 | |
| AHF | 69 (13.0) | 11 (18.6) | 58 (12.3) | 0.22 | |
| ACS | 45 (8.5) | 4 (6.8) | 41 (8.7) | 0.80 | |
| GI diseases | 55 (10.4) | 2 (3.4) | 53 (11.3) | 0.07 | |
| Stroke | 32 (6.0) | 1 (1.7) | 31 (6.6) | 0.09 | |
| Miscellaneous | 28 (5.3) | 4 (6.8) | 24 (5.1) | 0.84 | |
| SKE up to 48 hr* | |||||
| Antibiotics | 338 (68.8) | 40 (78.4) | 298 (67.7) | 0.15 | |
| Contrast media | 123 (25.0) | 6 (11.8) | 117 (26.6) | 0.02 | |
| NSAIDs | 30 (6.1) | 5 (9.8) | 25 (5.7) | 0.22 | |
| Other nephrotoxic drugs | 81 (16.5) | 9 (17.6) | 72 (16.4) | 0.84 | |
| Inotrope or vasopressor use | 126 (25.7) | 21 (41.2) | 105 (23.9) | 0.01 | |
| Any SKE | 431 (87.8) | 47 (92.2) | 384 (87.3) | 0.37 | |
| Laboratory data up to 48 hr | |||||
| sCr, mg/dL | T0 | 1.05 (0.80-1.50) | 1.46 (0.97-2.10) | 1.02 (0.80-1.48) | 0.003 |
| T24 | 1.00 (0.80-1.43) | 1.84 (1.19-2.48) | 1.00 (0.75-1.28) | 0.001 | |
| T48 | 1.00 (0.72-1.36) | 2.00 (1.45-3.01) | 0.91 (0.70-1.20) | <0.001 | |
| % change | -7.1 (-22.0-4.1) | 42.3 (29.4-71.2) | -10.5 (-24.6-0.0) | <0.001 | |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | T0 | 68.0 (40.0-90.2) | 49.0 (28.8-82.3) | 69.8 (42.9-91.0) | 0.002 |
| T24 | 73.9 (43.0-92.0) | 34.0 (21.9-53.5) | 77.6 (50.0-95.0) | <0.001 | |
| T48 | 78.0 (49.0-96.0) | 29.4 (19.6-42.0) | 83.0 (54.6-97.9) | <0.001 | |
| % change | 4.7 (-2.7-24.4) | -31.2 (-44.2--25.9) | 9.4 (0.0-28.6) | <0.001 | |
| NC, (ng/mL)2/1,000 | T0 | 0.31 (0.10-0.98) | 0.77 (0.20-1.91) | 0.29 (0.09-0.88) | 0.001 |
| T48† | 0.19 (0.08-0.50) | 0.36 (0.12-2.10) | 0.18 (0.07-0.47) | 0.001 | |
| % change† | -23.7 (-77.2-82.6) | 0.0 (-79.0-125.0) | -28.9 (-76.6-75.0) | 0.575 | |
Data are presented as number (%) or median (interquartile range).
*Total N=491 (N=51 in the AKI group, N=440 in the non-AKI group); †Total N=447 (N=50 in the AKI group, N=397 in the non-AKI group); % change=(T48-T0)/T0x100.
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; ED, emergency department; ED score, ED physician’s clinical assessment risk score for AKI development; CKD, chronic kidney diseases; CHD, congestive heart failures; AHF, acute heart failures; ACS, acute coronary syndromes; GI, gastrointestinal; SKE, serious kidney exposure; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; sCr, serum creatinine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation; NC, NephroCheck.