Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Country | Type of pain | Mean age (years) | % female | Intervention group | Control group | Outcome | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AT format | Dose (min) | Modality | n | Type of control group | n | ||||||
| Asbury et al. (2009) [46] | UK | Chest pain in patients with cardiac syndrome X | 57.1 | 100 | Group | 720 | Live | 26 | TAU | 27 | Pain, MD, HRF |
| Bernateck et al. (2008) [47] | Germany | Rheumatic pain | 51.6 | 68 | Group | 180 | Live + audio recording | 22 | Active intervention (auricular electroacupuncture) | 22 | Pain, HRF |
| Collet et al. (1986) [48] | France | Tension headache | 39.7 | 52 | Group | 250 | Audio recording | 15 | Active intervention (galvanic skin response biofeedback) | 16 | Pain, MD |
| Engel et al. (1990) [49] | USA | Mixed-headache disorders | 12.9 | 62 | Individual | 300 | Live + audio recording | 5 | TAU | 5 | Pain |
| Active Intervention (PMR) | 5 | Pain | |||||||||
| Janssen et al. (1986) [50] | Netherlands | Migraine and tension headache | 33.4 | 63 | Group | 720 | Live | 5 | Active Intervention (PMR) | 5 | Pain |
| Labbé (1995) [51] | USA | Migraine | 12 | 28 | n.r | 450 | Live | 10 | TAU | 10 | Pain |
| Mantovani et al. (1996) [52] | Italy | Pain in cancer patients | 70.7 | 42 | Group | 1560 | Live | 24 | AttCG | 23 | Pain, MD, HRF |
| Pickering et al. (2012) [53] | France | Chronic headache | 39 | 60 | Individual | 480 | Live + audio recording | 29 | TAU | 29 | Pain |
| Sargent et al. (1986) [54] | USA | Migraine | 35.7 | 59 | Group | 120 | Live | 24 | TAU | 24 | Pain, HRF |
| Shinozaki et al. (2010) [55] | Japan | Pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome | 31.6 | 52 | Individual | 280 | Live + audio recording | 11 | AttCG | 10 | Pain, MD, HRF |
| Spinhoven et al. (1992) [56] | Netherlands | Tension headache | 36 | 61 | Individual | 180 | Live + audio recording | 23 | Active Intervention (Self-hypnosis) | 23 | Pain, MD |
| Sutherland et al. (2005) [57] | Australia | Pain in patients with multiple sclerosis | 42.2 | 77 | Group | n.r | Live | 14 | TAU | 12 | Pain, MD, HRF |
| ter Kuile et al. (1994) [58] | Netherlands | Headache | 33.6 | 57 | Individual | 360 | Live + audio recording | 48 | TAU | 57 | Pain, MD |
| Active Intervention (Self-hypnosis) | 52 | Pain, MD | |||||||||
AttCG attention control group; audio recordings AT was delivered via recordings on tape or CD; HRF health-related functioning; live AT was delivered personally by an AT therapist; MD mental distress; min minutes; n randomly allocated participants; n.r. not reported; PMR progressive muscle relaxation; TAU treatment as usual