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. 2021 Jul 14;125(9):1197–1209. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01467-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — This figure demonstrates the development of the gut microbiome from birth to old age in relation to α-diversity (diversity of species within the same individual), β-diversity (inter-individual species diversity) diversity and the relationship between immunity and senescence, as well as external factors that may affect the GM composition. Created with BioRender.com.