Table 2.
Electrocardiographic characteristics of four obesity phenotypes classified by body mass index and metabolic syndrome.
| Non-obesity | Obesity | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ECG characteristics | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | Metabolically healthy | Metabolically unhealthy | p -value |
| (N = 1,484) | (N = 86) | (N = 376) | (N = 210) | ||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 65.68 ± 10.40 | 68.08 ± 11.53 | 66.44 ± 10.34 | 72.07 ± 12.81 | <0.001 |
| P duration (ms) | 105.98 ± 14.19 | 109.43 ± 13.48 | 106.45 ± 15.65 | 107.97 ± 15.66 | 0.06 |
| PR interval (ms) | 156.29 ± 19.65 | 157.18 ± 14.52 | 159.78 ± 20.82 | 161.51 ± 21.44 | <0.001 |
| QRS duration (ms) | 97.81 ± 10.78 | 97.56 ± 12.10 | 97.66 ± 10.04 | 97.42 ± 11.91 | 0.96 |
| QTc interval (ms) | 388.49 ± 21.84 | 392.01 ± 22.44 | 393.77 ± 26.14 | 401.68 ± 25.17 | <0.001 |
| QRS axis (degree) | 67.89 ± 29.11 | 50.85 ± 36.75 | 51.20 ± 33.26 | 44.36 ± 33.71 | <0.001 |
| Sokolow-Lyon based ECG-LVH (%) | 890 (60.0) | 42 (48.8) | 145 (38.6) | 66 (31.4) | <0.001 |
| Cornell based ECG-LVH (%) | 213 (14.4) | 11 (12.8) | 59 (15.7) | 38 (18.1) | 0.47 |
| ECG-RVH (%) | 226 (15.2) | 6 (7.0) | 61 (16.2) | 27 (12.9) | 0.13 |
| Sinus bradycardia (%) | 432 (29.1) | 19 (22.1) | 88 (23.4) | 32 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Ectopic P rhythm (%) | 58 (3.9) | 4 (4.7) | 14 (3.7) | 11 (5.2) | 0.79 |
| ECG-LAE (%) | 205 (13.8) | 10 (11.6) | 99 (26.3) | 64 (30.5) | <0.001 |
| First degree atrioventricular block (%) | 37 (2.5) | 0 (0.0) | 16 (4.3) | 15 (7.1) | 0.001 |
| Left axis deviation (%) | 19 (1.3) | 3 (3.5) | 7 (1.9) | 6 (2.9) | 0.16 |
| Right axis deviation (%) | 186 (12.5) | 8 (9.3) | 24 (6.4) | 13 (6.2) | 0.001 |
| Complete right bundle branch block (%) | 51 (3.4) | 4 (4.7) | 12 (3.2) | 10 (4.8) | 0.70 |
| Incomplete right bundle branch block (%) | 101 (6.8) | 8 (9.3) | 29 (7.7) | 8 (3.8) | 0.22 |
| QT interval prolongation (%) | 16 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (2.4) | 6 (2.9) | 0.04 |
| QTc interval prolongation (%) | 6 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.1) | 2 (1.0) | 0.32 |
| Inferior TWI (%) | 27 (1.8) | 4 (4.7) | 25 (6.6) | 20 (9.5) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and categorical variables as n (%).
Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥27.0 kg/m2.
Metabolically health was defined as absence of metabolic syndrome, according to the International Diabetes Federation criteria for Asian male adults.
Sokolow-Lyon ECG based-LVH was diagnosed if (S-V1 or S-V2 + R-V5 or R-V6) ≥35 mm and Cornell ECG-based LVH was defined if R-aVL + S-V3 ≥18 mm, specifically for Asian young male adults.
ECG, electrocardiography; LAE, left atrial enlargement; LVH, left ventricular hypertrophy; RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy; TWI, T wave inversion.