Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects.
| BD (n = 20) | MDD (n = 23) | HCs (n = 40) | χ2/F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male/female) | 5/15 | 10/13 | 15/25 | 1.64 | 0.440 |
| Age (years) | 22.80 ± 4.30 | 22.78 ± 4.40 | 21.20 ± 1.80 | 2.32 | 0.105 |
| Education (years) | 15.25 ± 1.07 | 14.26 ± 1.79 | 14.65 ± 0.86 | 3.49 | 0.035 |
| FD | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.675 |
| HAMD-17 | 23.26 ± 5.10 | 26.17 ± 5.04 | – | 3.53 | 0.067 |
| HAMA-14 | 25.94 ± 7.55 | 19.74 ± 5.93 | – | 9.09 | 0.004 |
| YRMS | 3.94 ± 2.33 | – | – | – | – |
| Immediate memory | 42.83 ± 8.15 | 35.30 ± 9.17 | 50.28 ± 6.56 | 27.85 | <0.001 |
| Visuospatial | 31.72 ± 4.74 | 33.17 ± 4.59 | 35.08 ± 3.36 | 4.82 | 0.011 |
| Language | 29.00 ± 4.82 | 27.30 ± 5.00 | 30.92 ± 4.38 | 4.52 | 0.014 |
| Attention | 70.39 ± 7.93 | 63.35 ± 8.50 | 75.46 ± 9.28 | 14.00 | <0.001 |
| Delayed memory | 48.61 ± 4.65 | 46.78 ± 6.90 | 54.21 ± 4.60 | 16.32 | <0.001 |
| RBANS total | 224.39 ± 19.56 | 205.91 ± 26.36 | 246.08 ± 20.76 | 24.70 | <0.001 |
| Stroop word | 98.83 ± 14.56 | 87.87 ± 20.11 | 104.69 ± 13.49 | 8.26 | 0.001 |
| Stroop color | 70.89 ± 13.32 | 61.48 ± 18.06 | 77.59 ± 13.66 | 8.53 | <0.001 |
| Stroop color-word | 43.22 ± 8.15 | 38.30 ± 9.06 | 45.23 ± 11.10 | 3.58 | 0.032 |
| Stroop total score | 212.94 ± 30.89 | 187.65 ± 35.28 | 227.51 ± 31.24 | 11.11 | <0.001 |
Chi-square tests were performed in categorical variables among three groups. One-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed in continuous variables among three groups.
Bold typeface indicates statistical significance.
BD, bipolar disorder; MDD, major depressive disorder; FD, framewise displacement; HAMD-17, Hamilton Depression Scale-17; HAMA-14, Hamilton anxiety Scale-14; YRMS, Young Mania Rating Scale; RBANS, Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status.