Table 3.

Mediational factors identified from the qualitative data.

Mediational factors	Secondary mediational factors	Frequency
Social agents	Teachers	30
	Peers	45
Learner self	Private speech	61
Cultural artifacts	Medium language	17
	WhatsApp and online resources	39
	Textbooks and other materials	45
	Assessment methods	24
Learning Environment	Macro environment	62
	Classroom environment	31
	Learning community	24