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. 2021 Oct 26;11:21108. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00267-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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West African countries display distinct patterns of China-and Europe-based clades (until April 2020). Nigeria has the highest percentage of the China-based early clades (L, S, V) and Ghana has nearly equally distributed percentages of China and Europe-based clades (G, GH, GR). Senegal has a similar clade distribution as France but also a few samples from the early China-based clades. In Gambia there were only three sequences, two from Europe-based clades GR and GH and one from China-based clade V. The charts were generated using R (version 3.6.1, https://www.r-project.org/), [Ihaka, R. & Gentleman, R. R: A language for data analysis and graphics. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 5, 299–314 (1996)] and the R package ggplot2 (version 3.3.0, https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/), [Wickham, H. Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. (Springer, 2009).].