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. 2021 Oct 26;11:21108. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00267-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Geographic map reveals distinct patterns of introduction of China-and Europe-based clades in West African countries (until April 2020). Nigeria with the highest percentage of the China-based early clades (L, S, V) and Ghana with nearly equally distributed percentages of China and Europe-based clades (G, GH, GR) might be comparable with the US West Coast while Senegal with a similar clade distribution like France and few samples from the early China-based clades may be more comparable to the US East Coast. It will be interesting to observe if the later G clades replace the early clades in Nigeria and Ghana and if that correlates with the severity of the disease as was postulated for the US. The R package rworldmap (version 1.3-6, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rworldmap/index.html), South³² was used to generate the world map in this figure using R (version 3.6.1, https://www.r-project.org/), [Ihaka, R. & Gentleman, R. R: A language for data analysis and graphics. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 5, 299–314 (1996)].