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. 2021 Oct 26;11:21068. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00496-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temporal dynamics of notable variants in European countries (a) and in the US (b). Color shading for European countries indicates the timing of emergence of the Alpha variant (the lighter, the later). Different colors code instead the couple/triple of variants (Epsilon, Iota, Alpha, and US1/US2 as aliases of B.1.2 and B.1.596—only US2 is shown here) that were detected and tracked in the US using our method. Inset details as in panels (d–g) of Fig. 1. The blank maps of Europe and US were retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_political_chart_complete_blank.svg and https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:USA_blank.svg on 4 July 2021 and plots were created using MATLAB R2021a (http://www.mathworks.com). All graphics were further processed using Adobe Illustrator 2021 (https://www.adobe.com).