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. 2021 Oct 13;12:754038. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.754038

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Copyright © 2021 Ren, Jin, Hu, Chen, Yang, Wu, Zhou, Sun, Gao, Zhang and Tian.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Betulin upregulates the expression of HO-1 via activating the Nrf2 pathway. The chondrocytes were treated with retinoic acid (RA, 5 μM), an inhibitor of Nrf2, for 2 h and then treated with betulin (50 μM) for 2 h. (A–B) The expression levels of Nu-Nrf2 and HO-1 in chondrocytes were detected by Western blotting and quantitatively analyzed. (C–D) Immunofluorescence staining combined with DAPI staining (scale: 25 μm) were used to detect the entry of Nrf2 into the nucleus and quantitatively analyzed. (E–H) The protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and PGE2 were measured by the commercial ELISA kits, and the generation of NO was measured by Griess reaction. The data in the figure show that the average value is ±SD, **p < 0.01 compared with the control group, ^## p < 0.01 compared with the Betulin-treated group, ^&& p < 0.01 compared with the Betulin + IL-1β–treated group, ^@p < 0.05 compared with the IL-1β group, n = 3.