Table 2.

The comparison of pregnancy-related outcomes in GDM and non-GDM groups

Variables	Non-GDM*	GDM*	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Emergency CS	34 (13.03)	58 (22.05)	1.88 (1.18-3.00)	0.007${}^a$
Preeclampsia	11 (4.170	36 (13.69)	3.64 (1.81-7.33)	0.001${}^a$
Oligohydramnios	9 (3.47)	7 (2.65)	0.75 (0.27-2.06)	0.58
Polyhydramnios	12 (4.63)	28 (10.61)	2.44 (1.21-4.91)	0.01${}^a$
PROM	6 (2.26)	25 (9.47)	4.53 (1.82-11.24)	0.0001${}^a$
Fetal death	2 (0.76)	2 (0.75)	0.99 (0.13-7.09)	0.99
Preterm delivery	12 (5.11)	29 (11.93)	2.52 (1.25-5.06)	0.008${}^a$
Macrosomia	7 (2.67)	15 (5.68)	2.19 (0.87-5.47)	0.08
IUGR	8 (3.08)	16 (6.06)	2.03 (0.85-4.83)	0.10
Apgar score at 1 min $<$ 7	5 (1.87)	9 (3.38)	0.98 (0.56-1.73)	0.27
Apgar score at 5 min $<$ 7	0 (0)	2 (0.75)	0.77 (0.42-1.42)	0.15
Respiratory distress	28 (10.69)	24 (9.13)	0.83 (0.47-1.49)	0.54
NICU admission	10 (6.21)	17 (11.18)	1.90 (0.84-4.29)	0.11
Neonatal hypoglycemia	5 (1.89)	7 (2.65)	1.41 (0.44-4.52)	0.55
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia	25 (9.51)	46 (17.42)	2.00 (1.19-3.38)	0.008${}^a$
Congenital malformation	24 (9.02)	37 (14.02)	1.64 (0.95-2.83)	0.07
*Data presented as n (%), Chi-square test was used.${}^a$P-value of 0.05 was considered significant. GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus, CS: Cesarean section, PROM: Premature rupture of membranes, IUGR: Intra-uterine growth restriction, NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit