Table 3.

The effect of major risk factors on PRO (maternal, intrapartum, perinatal, and neonatal) in the GDM group

Variables	Age	FHDM	BMI	PHGDM	PHMAC
Emergency C/S	0.73 (0.38-1.41)	1.32 (0.73-2.38)	0.68 (0.29-1.55)	0.38 (0.13-1.13)	0.87 (0.23-3.21)
Preeclampsia	0.93 (0.55-1.58)	1.02 (0.62-1.67)	1.26 (0.66-2.37)	1.09 (0.54-2.18)	1.32 (0.46-3.75)
Oligohydramnios	0.90 (0.17-4.74)	0.24 (0.02-2.06)	- -	2.89 (0.32-25.70)
Polyhydramnios	0.72 (0.29-1.79)	1.59 (0.72-3.49)	1.97 (0.81-4.81)	2.20 (0.86-5.61)	2.24 (0.59-8.47)
PROM	1.30 (0.55-3.08)	1.73 (0.75-3.95)	0.62 (0.17-2.18)	0.79 (0.22-2.79)	1.51 (0.32-7.11)
Fetal death	- -	- 5.94 (0.36-97.12)	-
Preterm delivery	1.69 (0.76-3.75)	1.94 (0.89-4.25)	0.53 (0.15-1.84)	0.94 (0.31-2.90)	1.69 (0.35-8.22)
Macrosomia	0.54 (0.15-1.99)	1.01 (0.34-2.92)	0.74 (0.16-3.44)	1.52 (0.41-5.69)	2.79 (0.56-13.69)
IUGR	1.38 (0.48-3.94)	1.19 (0.42-3.30)	1.14 (0.30-4.21)	0.84 (0.18-3.85)	1.11 (0.13-9.05)
Apgar score at 1 min $<$ 7	1.11 (0.27-4.53)	0.76 (0.19-3.11)	0.56 (0.07-4.61)	0.72 (0.09-5.93)	-
Respiratory distress	1.13 (0.46-2.77)	1.10 (0.46-2.58)	0.89 (0.29-2.74)	0.51 (0.11-2.27)	0.69 (0.08-5.55)
NICU admission	2.67 (0.96-7.42)	1.05 (0.37-2.92)	0.64 (0.13-3.00)	1.39 (0.36-5.33)	-
Neonatal hypoglycemia	- 2.05 (0.45-9.39)	0.90 (0.10-7.92)	0.99 (0.11-8.46)	2.89 (0.32-25.70)
Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia	0.86 (0.43-1.75)	0.96 (0.50-1.85)	0.49 (0.18-1.34)	0.87 (0.34-2.22)	0.32 (0.04-2.52)
Congenital malformation	1.45 (0.70-2.99)	1.73 (0.86-3.47)	1.56 (0.68-3.58)	1.17 (0.45-3.05)	0.94 (0.20-4.34)
Data presented as the OR (95% CI). *A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant. FHDM: Family history of diabetes, BMI: Body mass index, PHGDM: Previous history of GDM, PHMAC: Previous history of macrosomia, C/S: Cesarean section, PROM: Premature rupture of membranes, IUGR: Intra-uterine growth restriction, NICU: Neonatal intensive care unit