Table 3.

Chemical properties and biological activity of photosensitizers used in vitro assays for inactivation of bacterial biofilms of Gram-negative bacteria

#	Structure	Biofilm strain	Results
1	5-ALA: protoporphyrin IX precursor (PS9a) Charge: 0 MW = 131 Da	E. coli (clinical isolate) and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 [138]	Outcome: 0 and 3 log CFU reduction, respectively [PS] = 40 mM ALA Light dose: 142 J/cm2 (Tungsten Halogen lamps 500 W)
2		K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 [149]	Outcome: 3.1 log CFU reduction [PS] = 10 mM ALA Light dose: 360 J/cm2 (150 W xenon lamp λ = 400–780 nm)
3	MAL: protoporphyrin IX precursor (PS9b) Charge: 0 MW = 145 Da	K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 [149]	Outcome: 4.3 log CFU reduction [PS] = 10 mM MAL Light dose: 360 J/cm2 (150 W xenon lamp λ = 400–780 nm)
4	Porphyrin Mixture FORM (PS3) Charge: + 1 to + 4 MW = 679 to 900 Da	Bioluminescent E. coli [131]	Outcome: ~ 7 log CFU reduction [PS] = 1.0 µM (in combination with 100 mM KI) Light dose: 9 J/cm2 (white fluorescent lamp λ = 380–700 nm)
5	PS4 (in polymeric micelles of Pluronic F-127) Charge: + 4 MW = 1384 Da	E. coli C600 [132]	Outcome: 0.5 log CFU reduction [PS] = 10 µM Light dose: 128 J/cm2 (500 W halogen lamp with filter λ = 420–1000 nm)
6	TAPP (PS5) Charge: 0 to +4 (pH dependent) MW = 1019 Da	P. aeruginosa (clinical isolate) [133]	Outcome: 3 log CFU reduction [PS] = 30 µM Light dose: 180 J/cm2 (Tungsten Halogen lamps 500 W)
7	MgPc-octamorph (PS10) Charge: + 8 MW = 1690 Da	P. aeruginosa K1 [139]	Outcome: 2.4 log CFU reduction [PS] = 1 mM Light dose: 1.9 J/cm2 (visible light)
8	ZnPc_iPyr4 (PS22) Charge: + 8 MW = 1123 Da	Bioluminescent E. coli Top10 [150]	Outcome: 2 log CFU reduction [PS] = 40 µM Light dose: 540 J/cm2 (Halogen/quartz 250 W lamp)
9	ZnPc_iPyr8 (PS23) Charge: + 16 MW = 1667 Da	Bioluminescent E. coli Top10 [150]	Outcome: 2 log CFU reduction [PS] = 40 µM Light dose: 540 J/cm2 (Halogen/quartz 250 W lamp)
10	Curcumin (PS14) + Phycocyanin (PS15) (in chitosan nanoparticles)	P. aeruginosa KY770785.1 [145]	Outcome: 0.9 log CFU reduction [PS] = : 100 µg/ml Light dose: 10 min with 5 W LED lamp
11	Curcumin (PS14) (Imobilized in endotracheal tubes)	E. coli ATCC 25922 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 14502 [144]	Outcome: 0.7 log CFU reduction [PS] = 0.5% w/w Light dose: 50 J/cm2 (LED λ = 450 nm)
12	Riboflavin (PS13) Charge: 0 MW = 376 Da	MDR E. coli (clinical isolate) [142]	Outcome: 0.2 log CFU reduction [PS] = 50 µM Light dose: n.a. (LED λ = 450 nm; 40 W/cm2)
13	Rose bengal (conjugate with carbon nanotubules) (PS24) Charge: 0/− 1 MW = n.a	E. coli MCC 2412 [151]	Outcome: 0.4 log CFU reduction [PS] = 50 µg/ml Light dose: 1674 J/cm2 (λ = 532 nm)
14	SAPYR (PS16) Charge: + 1 MW = 272 Da	E. coli ATCC 25922 [146]	Outcome: 2.9 log CFU reduction [PS] = 500 µM Light dose: 30 J/cm2 (gas-discharge lamp λ = 380–600 nm)
15	SAPYR-PN-05 (PS17) Charge: + 1 MW = 407 Da	E. coli ATCC 25922 [146]	Outcome: 3.5 log CFU reduction [PS] = 500 µM Light dose: 30 J/cm2 (gas-discharge lamp λ = 380–600 nm)
16	Methylene blue (PS18) Charge: + 1 MW = 284 Da	E. coli ATCC 25922 [152]	Outcome: 3 log CFU reduction [PS] = 31 µM Light dose: 18 J/cm2 (LEDs 625 ± 25 nm)
17		P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 [147]	Outcome: 6 log CFU reduction [PS] = 2.5 mM Light dose: 18 J/cm2 (LEDs λ = 625 ± 10 nm)
18	Methylene blue (PS18) (in dextran capped gold nanoparticles) Charge: + 1 MW = 284 Da	K. pneumoniae (clinical isolate) [153]	Outcome: 7 log CFU reduction [PS] = 70 µM Light dose: 40 J/cm2 (laser λ = 660 nm)
19	MB-PMX (PS25) Charge: + 1 MW = 1723 Da	E. coli ATCC 25922 [154]	Outcome: 7 log CFU reduction [PS] = 50 µM Light dose: 288 J/cm2 (LED λ = 625 nm)