Table 9.

Chemical properties and biological activity of photosensitizers intended for inactivation of fungi infections in clinical trials

#	PS structure/generic name	Condition	Results
1	Photogem (PS31) Charge: − 2 to − 12 MW = n.d.	Denture stomatitis (mainly by C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. galabrata) [245]	Outcome: 1.6 log CFU reduction in palate after 90 days [PS]: 500 mg/l Light dose: 122 J/cm2 (LED λ = 455 nm) − 6 × sessions
2	5-ALA: protoporphyrin IX precursor (PS9a) Charge: 0 MW = 131 Da	Single case of chromoblastomycosis by F. monophora [246]	Outcome: negative mycological test 4 months after treatment [PS]: 1.5 M ALA Light dose: 96 J/cm2 (LED λ = 633 ± 10 nm)—4× sessions
3		Interdigital mycosis (T. mentagrophytes, C. albicans, T. rubrum) [247]	Outcome: recovery in 6 out of 9 patients, but recurrence in 4 patients after 4 weeks (1–4 treatments) [PS]: 1.5 M ALA Light dose: 75 J/cm2 (filtered white light)
4		Single case of pityriasis versicolor [248]	Outcome: complete healing after 4 weeks (2× treatments) [PS]: 1.5 M ALA Light dose: 70–90 J/cm2 (LED λ = 630 nm)
5		Two cases of nail onychomycosis [249]	Outcome: complete healing after 6–7× treatments [PS]: 1.5 M ALA Light dose: 100 J/cm2 (pulsed laser, λ = 630 nm)
6		Nail onychomycosis [250]	Outcome: after 1 year, 43% of the patients were cured [PS]: 1.5 M ALA Light dose: 40 J/cm2 (light λ = 570–670 nm) − 3× sessions
7	Curcumin (PS14) Charge: 0 MW = 368 Da	Nail onychomycosis [251]	Outcome: complete healing after 6× sessions [PS]: 41 mM Light dose: 120 J/cm2 (LED λ = 450 nm)
8	Methylene blue (PS18) Charge: + 1 MW = 284 Da	Pityriasis versicolor [252]	Outcome: complete cure in 1-month follow-up [PS]: 63 mM Light dose: 37 J/cm2 (LED λ = 630 nm) 6× in 2 weeks
9		Nail onychomycosis [253]	Outcome: 90% clinical cure rate after treatment; 80% in 12-month follow-up [PS]: 63 mM Light dose: 18 J/cm2 (LED λ = 630 nm)
10		Nail onychomycosis [254]	Outcome: 100% cure rate for moderate and 64% for severe onychomycosis [PS]: 63 mM Light dose: 36 J/cm2 (LED λ = 630 nm)
11		Chromoblastomycosis [255]	Outcome: reduction of 80–90% in lesions but no complete healing observed in any of 10 patients [PS]: 700 mM Light dose: 28 J/cm2 (LED λ = 660 nm) − 6× sessions
12		Leg ulcers infected with Fusarium oxysporum and P. aeruginosa [256]	Outcome: complete inactivation of bacteria and fungi and healing after 8 weeks [PS]: 31 mM Light dose: 37 J/cm2 (light λ = 630 nm)
13		Single case of cutaneous sporotrichosis [257]	Outcome: complete healing after multiple treatments in combination with itraconazole (every 2 weeks for 3 months) [PS]: 31 mM Light dose: 37 J/cm2 (LED λ = 635 nm)
14	Rose bengal (PS47) Charge: 0/− 1 MW = 974	Single case of keratitis by MDR Fusarium keratoplasticum [258]	Outcome: successful treatment with 2 sessions. No recurrence after 8 month follow-up [PS]: 1 mM Light dose: 2.7 J/cm2 (light λ = 375 or 518 nm)