Table 5.
Baseline sociodemographic data classified based on fallers and nonfallers.
| Variables | Total (n=610) | Fallers (n=111; 18.2%) | Nonfallers (n=499; 81.8%) | P value | ||||
| Age, mean (SD) | 71.78 (4.7) | 72.01 (4.6) | 71.73 (4.8) | .58 | ||||
| MMSEa, mean (SD) | 26.48 (2.4) | 26.43 (2.4) | 26.49 (2.4 | .82 | ||||
| GDSb, mean (SD) | 1.85 (1.3) | 1.96 (1.3) | 1.83 (1.3) | .32 | ||||
| PASEc, mean (SD) | 125.76 (54.4) | 125.49 (50.8) | 125.82 (55.3) | .95 | ||||
| Gender, n (%) | —d | — | — | .001 | ||||
|
|
Male | 332 (54.4) | 45 (13.6) | 287 (86.4) | — | |||
|
|
Female | 278 (45.6) | 66 (23.7) | 212 (76.3) | — | |||
| Race, n (%) | — | — | — | .85 | ||||
|
|
Malay | 361 (59.2) | 65 (18.0) | 296 (82.0) | — | |||
|
|
Chinese | 218 (35.7) | 40 (18.3) | 178 (81.7) | — | |||
|
|
Indian | 31 (5.1) | 6 (19.4) | 25 (80.6) | — | |||
| Education level, n (%) | — | — | — | .79 | ||||
|
|
None | 63 (10.3) | 10 (15.9) | 53 (84.1) | — | |||
|
|
Primary | 306 (50.2) | 60 (19.6) | 246 (80.4) | — | |||
|
|
Secondary | 199 (32.6) | 34 (17.1) | 165 (82.9) | — | |||
|
|
Tertiary | 31 (5.1) | 7 (22.6) | 24 (77.4) | — | |||
|
|
Other | 11 (1.8) | 0 | 11 (100) | — | |||
| Chronic illness, n (%) | — | — | — | — | ||||
|
|
Hypertension | 83 (13.6) | 18 (21.7) | 65 (78.3) | .83 | |||
|
|
Diabetes | 163 (26.7) | 34 (20.9) | 129 (79.1) | .84 | |||
|
|
Heart disease | 62 (10.2) | 15 (24.2) | 47 (75.8) | .55 | |||
|
|
Arthritis | 209 (34.3) | 44 (21.1) | 165 (78.9) | .15 | |||
| Falls history in past 12 months, n (%) | — | — | — | .001 | ||||
|
|
No falls | 499 (81.8) | 0 | 499 (100) | — | |||
|
|
1 fall | 68 (11.1) | 68 (100) | 0 | — | |||
|
|
≥2 falls | 43 (7.1) | 43 (100) | 0 | — | |||
| Medication, n (%) | — | — | — | .47 | ||||
|
|
< meds | 440 (72.1) | 75 (17.0) | 365 (83.0) | — | |||
|
|
≥ meds | 170 (27.9) | 36 (21.2) | 134 (78.8) | — | |||
| Eye problems, n (%) | — | — | — | .56 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 105 (17.2) | 17 (16.2) | 88 (83.8) | — | |||
|
|
No | 505 (82.8) | 94 (18.6) | 411 (81.4) | — | |||
| Use of assistive devices, n (%) | — | — | — | .05 | ||||
|
|
Yes | 31 (5.1) | 11 (35.5) | 20 (64.5) | — | |||
|
|
No | 579 (94.9) | 100 (17.3) | 479 (82.7) | — | |||
| FallSA score, mean (SD) | 5.05 (2.15) | 7.33 (1.77) | 4.55 (1.86) | .001 | ||||
| FallSA Fall Risk, n (%) | — | — | — | .001 | ||||
|
|
Low risk | 132 (21.6) | 1 (0.8) | 131 (99.2) | — | |||
|
|
At risk | 478 (78.4) | 110 (23.0) | 368 (77.0) | — | |||
aMMSA: Mini Mental State Examination.
bGDS: Geriatric Depression Scale.
cPASE: Physical Activity Scale for Elderly.
dNot applicable.