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. 2021 Oct 26;9:210. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01165-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 2 — Depletion of gut bacteria is associated with an indiscriminate neuronal loss, affecting both nNOS⁺ nitrergic and ChAT⁺ cholinergic subpopulations. a Representative immunofluorescent images of ganglia in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses: HuC/D⁺ (green) and nNOS⁺ (magenta) neurons in the ileum of control and antibiotic (Abx)-treated mice. Scale bar: 30 μm. b Number of HuC/D⁺ neurons in both submucosal (left panel) and myenteric (middle panel) plexuses, and the number of nNOS⁺ neurons (right panel) in the myenteric plexus of the ileum. c Number of HuC/D⁺ neurons in both submucosal (left panel) and myenteric (middle panel) plexuses, and the number of nNOS⁺ neurons (right panel) in the myenteric plexus of the colon. d Representative immunofluorescent images of ganglia in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses: HuC/D⁺ (green) and ChAT⁺ (magenta) neurons in the ileum. Scale bar: 30 μm. e, f Number of HuC/D⁺ and ChAT⁺ neurons in both submucosal (left panels) and myenteric (right panels) in the e ileum and f colon. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. n = 3–5. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; Student’s t test