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. 2021 Oct 26;19:343. doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-01086-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Characterization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from rat adipose mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs), and EVs-chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) conjugates (EVs-COS). A The morphology of rat AMSCs-derived EVs observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). B The particle size distribution of EVs determined by a Nanosight NS300 particle size analyzer (NTA). C The expressions of EVs surface markers (CD63, TSG101, and CD9) measured using Western blot. D The morphology of EVs-COS by using TEM. E The particle size distribution of EVs-COS measured by NTA. F EVs and EVs-COS taken up by rat chondrocytes visualized using PKH67 staining kit (green fluorescence)