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The effects of opioids in HUVEC proliferation. Morphine, fentanyl and oxycodone at 0.1 μM to 100 μM increased proliferation whereas at 1000 μM decreased proliferation in HUVECs. Codeine at 0.1 μM to 1000 μM did not affect HUVEC proliferation. VEGF at 15 ng/ml was used. Results shown are relative to control. Each experiment was repeated three times in triplicate, and each value indicates mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, compared to control
