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The effects of opioids in HUVEC are opioid receptor-independent. Naloxone did not affect the effects of morphine, fentanyl and oxycodone in HUVEC capillary network formation (A), proliferation (B) and apoptosis (C). Naloxone at 10 μM was used. Mor, morphine; Fen, fentanyl; Oxy, oxycodone; Nal, naloxone. Results shown are relative to control. Each experiment was repeated three times in triplicate, and each value indicates mean ± SD
