Table 3.
Overview of genomic resistance of typhoidal Salmonella
Table describing the number of isolates (one representative per case) with genomic AMR for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A, B and C. Per cent values in bold show an increase of resistance from 2016 and 2019 or since the last reported study [9].
|
Antibiotic class or resistance type |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
2019 |
Grand total |
Previous study %* |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
No. |
% |
||
|
S . Typhi – no. of cases |
165 |
− |
186 |
− |
202 |
− |
317 |
− |
870 |
− |
− |
|
Tetracycline |
8 |
4.8 |
2 |
1.1 |
7 |
3.5 |
9 |
2.8 |
26 |
3.0 |
1.8 |
|
XDR |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.5 |
5 |
2.5 |
32 |
10.1 |
38 |
4.4 |
0 |
|
ESBL producer |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.5 |
6 |
3.0 |
34 |
10.7 |
41 |
4.7 |
0 |
|
β-Lactam |
42 |
25.5 |
44 |
23.7 |
61 |
30.2 |
110 |
34.7 |
257 |
29.5 |
23.2 |
|
Streptomycin |
41 |
24.8 |
45 |
24.2 |
60 |
29.7 |
110 |
34.7 |
256 |
29.4 |
22.9 |
|
Chloramphenicol |
46 |
27.9 |
45 |
24.2 |
64 |
31.7 |
121 |
38.2 |
276 |
31.7 |
23.8 |
|
Trimethoprim |
48 |
29.1 |
47 |
25.3 |
64 |
31.7 |
122 |
38.5 |
281 |
32.3 |
24.7 |
|
MDR |
48 |
29.1 |
47 |
25.3 |
60 |
29.7 |
94 |
29.7 |
249 |
28.6 |
13.8 |
|
Sulphonamide |
48 |
29.1 |
48 |
25.8 |
65 |
32.2 |
126 |
39.7 |
287 |
33.0 |
25 |
|
Fluoroquinolone# |
146 |
88.5 |
167 |
89.8 |
180 |
89.1 |
298 |
94.0 |
791 |
90.9 |
84.3 |
|
Fosfomycin |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.1 |
0 |
|
Rifamycin |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.5 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
|
Colistin |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
|
Tetracycline |
8 |
4.8 |
2 |
1.1 |
7 |
3.5 |
9 |
2.8 |
26 |
3.0 |
1.8 |
|
S. Paratyphi A – no. of cases |
142 |
– |
102 |
– |
121 |
– |
170 |
– |
535 |
– |
– |
|
β-Lactam/ESBL producer |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
1.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
|
Fluoroquinolone# |
135 |
95.1 |
101 |
99.0 |
118 |
97.5 |
168 |
98.8 |
522 |
97.6 |
92.1 |
|
Rifamycin |
1 |
0.6 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
|
S. Paratyphi B – no. of cases |
15 |
– |
15 |
– |
18 |
– |
19 |
– |
67 |
– |
– |
|
Fluoroquinolone# |
2 |
13.3 |
1 |
6.7 |
3 |
16.7 |
2 |
10.5 |
8 |
11.9 |
13.6 |
|
S. Paratyphi C – no. of cases |
0 |
– |
0 |
– |
0 |
– |
1 |
– |
1 |
– |
– |
|
Any of the above tested antibiotics |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
0 |
0.0 |
n/a |
*Mean per cent of genomic resistance determinants from isolates of enteric fever reported between April 2014 and August 2016 [9].
#Genetic Fluoroquinolone resistance varies between pathogens, for S. Typhi, resistance was classified as the presence of one marker/mutation, For S. Paratyphi A, B and C, resistance was classified as the presence of two or more genetic markers/mutations as the presence of a single marker such as the parC_ [57:T-S] mutation does not confer resistance.
N/A - not applicable