FIGURE 2.

Fitness response to single and multiple stressors. (a) Univariate reaction norms showing response of fitness‐linked life‐history traits (fecundity, size, and age at maturity) to single stressors (insecticide, algae) and combinations of stressors in the populations of D. magna used in the common garden experiments. The single‐stressor experiments are as follows: HA: high algae (2.4 mg C/L of C. vulgaris); LA: low algae (0.2 mg C/L of C. vulgaris); LI: low insecticide (4 μg/L of the carbamate insecticide Carbaryl); HI: high insecticide (8 μg/L of the carbamate insecticide Carbaryl). The multistress experiments are as follows: high algae combined with high and low insecticide (HAHI and HALI, respectively) and low algae combined with high and low insecticide (LAHI and LALI, respectively). (b) Mortality plots with confidence intervals per population are shown for single stressors and combinations of stressors as in point A. Populations are color‐coded: blue/dashed line—EP; green/solid line PP; red/dotted line—CWP. Supporting statistics are in Table 1