Table 3.
Summary of clinical presentations, laboratory investigations and radiological imaging of the study population.
| Parameters | Thal, n (%) | SCD, n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical symptoms | n = 41 | n = 79 |
| Asymptomatic | 1 (2.4) | 7 (8.9) |
| Systemic symptoms | ||
| Fever | 31 (75.6) | 52 (65.8) |
| Vaso-occlusive crisis | N/A | 90 (55.6) |
| Fatigue | 16 (39.0) | 2 (2.5) |
| Anorexia | 7 (17.1) | 7 (8.9) |
| Respiratory | ||
| Cough | 30 (73.2) | 35 (44.3) |
| Shortness of breath | 13 (31.7) | 23 (29.1) |
| Sore throat | 10 (24.4) | 2 (2.5) |
| Nasal symptoms (rhinorrhea, sneezing, sinusitis) | 6 (14.6) | 3 (3.8) |
| Gastrointestinal | ||
| Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea | 13 (31.7) | 14 (17.7) |
| Musculoskeletal | ||
| Myalgia | 4 (9.8) | 21 (26.6) |
| Neurological | ||
| Headache | 11 (26.8) | 9 (11.4) |
| Anosmia | 12 (29.3) | 3 (3.8) |
| Ageusia | 7 (17.1) | 2 (2.5) |
| Ophthalmology | ||
| Conjunctivitis | 3 (7.3) | 0 (0) |
| SpO 2 | n = 41 | n = 79 |
| ≥95% | 15 (36.6) | 52 (65.8) |
| <95% | 26 (63.4) | 27 (34.2) |
| Laboratory investigations* | ||
| Hemoglobin | n = 68 | n = 64 |
| Normal | 6 (8.8) | 21 (32.8) |
| Low | 62 (91.2) | 43 (67.2) |
| White cell count | n = 42 | n = 25 |
| Normal | 17 (40.5) | 14 (56.0) |
| High | 23 (54.8) | 11 (44.0) |
| Low | 2 (4.8) | 0 (0) |
| Lymphocyte count | n = 14 | n = 30 |
| Normal | 12 (85.7) | 16 (53.3) |
| High | 1 (7.1) | 2 (6.7) |
| Low | 1 (7.1) | 12 (40.0) |
| Neutrophil count | n = 4 | n = 1 |
| Normal | 2 (50.0) | 0 (0) |
| High | 1 (25.0) | 1 (100.0) |
| Low | 1 (25.0) | 0 (0) |
| Platelet | n = 48 | n = 46 |
| Normal | 27 (55.1) | 31 (67.4) |
| High | 21 (42.9) | 8 (17.4) |
| Low | 0 (0) | 7 (15.2) |
| C-Reactive protein | n = 14 | n = 32 |
| Normal | 8 (57.1) | 8 (25.0) |
| High | 6 (42.9) | 24 (75.0) |
| D-dimer | n = 4 | n = 17 |
| Normal | 1 (25.0) | 1 (5.9) |
| High | 3 (75.0) | 16 (94.1) |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | n = 11 | n = 10 |
| Normal | 7 (63.6) | 0 (0) |
| High | 4 (36.4) | 10 (100.0) |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | n = 10 | n = 4 |
| Normal | 7 (70.0) | 0 (0) |
| High | 3 (30.0) | 4 (100.0) |
| Procalcitonin | n = 1 | n = 5 |
| Normal | 1 (100.0) | 1 (20.0) |
| High | 0 (0) | 4 (80.0) |
| Fibrinogen | n = 1 | n = 4 |
| High | 1 (100.0) | 4 (100.0) |
| Radiological findings | ||
| Chest X-ray | n = 12 | n = 27 |
| Normal | 4 (33.3) | 10 (37.0) |
| Ground glass opacity | 0 (0) | 2 (7.4) |
| Consolidation | 1 (8.3) | 9 (33.3) |
| Combined ground glass opacity and consolidation | 0 (0) | 1 (3.8) |
| Others§ | 0 (0) | 5 (18.5) |
| Not specified | 7 (58.4) | 0 (0) |
| Computed Tomography thorax | n = 8 | n = 9 |
| Normal | 3 (37.5) | 1 (11.1) |
| Ground glass opacity | 1 (12.5) | 0 (0) |
| Consolidation | 0 (0) | 2 (22.2) |
| Combined ground glass and consolidation | 0 (0) | 4 (44.5) |
| Others† | 1 (12.5) | 2 (22.2) |
| Not specified | 3 (37.5) | 0 (0) |
| COVID-19 staging‡ | n = 26 | n = 55 |
| 1 | 0 (0) | 8 (14.5) |
| 2 | 7 (26.9) | 22 (40.0) |
| 3 | 9 (34.6) | 6 (10.9) |
| 4 | 10 (38.5) | 10 (18.2) |
| 5 | 0 (0) | 9 (16.4) |
SCD, sickle cell disease; Thal, thalassemia; N, number; N/A, not applicable.
*
Categorized into high, normal or low according to the articles' local laboratory reference values.
§
Described changes such as reticular opacity, atelectasis, perihilar streaking, interstitial or alveolar infiltration.
†
Described changes such as interstitial or alveolar infiltration, halo sign.
‡
Staging based on NIH guidelines (7).