Table 2.
Risk modifying factors and scores on the HADS-D and HADS-A subscales.
| Risk Modifying Factor | HADS-D1 | HADS-D2 | HADS-D3 | p-Value | HADS-A1 | HADS-A2 | HADS-A3 | p-Value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |||
| Sex | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 578 | 61.9 | 181 | 19.4 | 175 | 18.7 | <0.01 | 736 | 78.8 | 113 | 12.1 | 85 | 9.1 | NS * |
| Male | 566 | 78.1 | 94 | 13.0 | 65 | 8.9 | <0.01 | 539 | 74.3 | 85 | 11.7 | 101 | 13.9 | NS |
| Age range | ||||||||||||||
| 18–39 years | 540 | 84.5 | 78 | 12.2 | 21 | 3.3 | <0.01 | 444 | 69.5 | 99 | 15.5 | 96 | 15 | NS |
| 40–59 years | 656 | 84.2 | 79 | 10.1 | 44 | 5.7 | <0.01 | 522 | 67 | 128 | 16.4 | 129 | 16.6 | NS |
| ≥60 years | 107 | 44.3 | 50 | 20.8 | 84 | 34.9 | <0.01 | 152 | 63 | 39 | 16.2 | 50 | 20.8 | NS |
| Marital status | ||||||||||||||
| Single | 394 | 79.6 | 64 | 12.9 | 37 | 7.5 | NS | 335 | 67.7 | 73 | 14.8 | 87 | 17.6 | NS |
| Steady relationship | 909 | 78.1 | 143 | 12.3 | 112 | 9.6 | NS | 783 | 67.3 | 193 | 16.6 | 188 | 16.2 | NS |
| Place of residence | ||||||||||||||
| City | 398 | 81.1 | 59 | 12 | 34 | 6.9 | NS | 337 | 68.6 | 81 | 16.5 | 73 | 14.9 | NS |
| Village | 905 | 77.5 | 148 | 12.7 | 115 | 9.9 | NS | 781 | 66.9 | 185 | 15.8 | 202 | 17.3 | NS |
| Education | ||||||||||||||
| Basic | 100 | 66.2 | 27 | 17.9 | 24 | 15.9 | <0.01 | 93 | 61.6 | 25 | 16.6 | 33 | 21.9 | NS |
| Vocational | 302 | 74.8 | 50 | 12.4 | 52 | 12.8 | <0.01 | 257 | 63.6 | 64 | 15.8 | 83 | 20.5 | NS |
| Medium | 507 | 81.1 | 73 | 11.7 | 45 | 7.2 | <0.01 | 425 | 68 | 110 | 17.6 | 90 | 14.4 | NS |
| Higher (Bachelor’s D.) | 125 | 84.5 | 13 | 8.8 | 10 | 6.8 | <0.01 | 108 | 72.9 | 19 | 12.8 | 21 | 14.2 | NS |
| Higher (Master’s D.) | 269 | 81.3 | 44 | 13.3 | 18 | 5.4 | <0.01 | 235 | 71 | 48 | 14.5 | 48 | 14.5 | NS |
| Professional activity | ||||||||||||||
| Full time | 930 | 89.1 | 85 | 8.1 | 29 | 2.8 | <0.01 | 749 | 71.7 | 158 | 15.1 | 137 | 13.1 | <0.01 |
| Own business | 102 | 85.0 | 15 | 12.5 | 3 | 2.5 | <0.01 | 75 | 62.5 | 18 | 15 | 27 | 22.5 | <0.01 |
| Odd jobs | 69 | 94.5 | 1 | 1.4 | 3 | 4.1 | <0.01 | 49 | 67.1 | 15 | 20.6 | 9 | 12.3 | <0.01 |
| Studying | 93 | 73.8 | 28 | 22.2 | 5 | 4.0 | <0.01 | 81 | 64.3 | 21 | 16.7 | 24 | 19 | <0.01 |
| Unemployed | 63 | 70 | 23 | 25.6 | 4 | 4.4 | <0.01 | 49 | 54.4 | 15 | 16.7 | 26 | 28.9 | <0.01 |
| Pensioner | 46 | 22.3 | 55 | 26.7 | 105 | 51 | <0.01 | 115 | 55.8 | 39 | 18.9 | 52 | 25.2 | <0.01 |
| Type of job | ||||||||||||||
| Physical | 678 | 97.7 | 13 | 1.9 | 3 | 0.4 | <0.01 | 482 | 69.5 | 113 | 16.3 | 99 | 14.3 | NS |
| Mental | 374 | 80.8 | 64 | 13.8 | 25 | 5.4 | <0.01 | 325 | 70.2 | 64 | 13.8 | 64 | 13.8 | NS |
| Not working | 12 | 92.3 | 1 | 7.7 | 0 | 0 | <0.01 | 8 | 61.5 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 38.5 | NS |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||||
| Never | 294 | 71 | 53 | 12.8 | 67 | 16.2 | <0.01 | 230 | 55.6 | 80 | 19.3 | 104 | 25.1 | <0.01 |
| Occasional (2–3x/month) | 611 | 84.3 | 79 | 10.9 | 35 | 4.8 | <0.01 | 501 | 69.1 | 122 | 16.8 | 102 | 14.1 | <0.01 |
| Several times/week | 314 | 77.3 | 59 | 14.5 | 33 | 8.1 | <0.01 | 299 | 73.7 | 55 | 13.6 | 52 | 12.8 | <0.01 |
| Every day (regularly) | 84 | 73.7 | 16 | 14 | 14 | 12.3 | <0.01 | 88 | 77.2 | 9 | 7.9 | 17 | 14.9 | <0.01 |
| Drinking alcohol | ||||||||||||||
| Not at all/last month | 515 | 77.4 | 83 | 12.5 | 67 | 10.1 | NS | 448 | 67.4 | 96 | 14.4 | 121 | 18.2 | <0.01 |
| 2–3 times/last month | 474 | 80.6 | 70 | 11.9 | 44 | 7.5 | NS | 402 | 68.4 | 110 | 18.7 | 76 | 12.9 | <0.01 |
| 1–2 times/week | 223 | 78.3 | 37 | 12.9 | 25 | 8.8 | NS | 195 | 68.4 | 44 | 15.4 | 46 | 16.1 | <0.01 |
| 3 or more times/week | 91 | 75.2 | 17 | 14.1 | 13 | 10.7 | NS | 73 | 60.3 | 16 | 13.2 | 32 | 26.5 | <0.01 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 261 | 79.3 | 28 | 8.5 | 40 | 12.2 | <0.01 | 195 | 59.3 | 59 | 17.9 | 75 | 22.8 | <0.01 |
| No | 1042 | 78 | 179 | 13.5 | 109 | 8.2 | <0.01 | 923 | 69.4 | 207 | 15.6 | 200 | 15 | <0.01 |
| The use of cannabinoids | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 55 | 88.7 | 5 | 8.1 | 2 | 3.2 | NS | 37 | 59.7 | 13 | 21 | 12 | 19.4 | NS |
| No | 1248 | 78 | 202 | 12.7 | 147 | 9.2 | NS | 1081 | 68 | 253 | 15.8 | 263 | 16.5 | NS |
| The use of psychostimulants | ||||||||||||||
| Yes | 20 | 90.9 | 1 | 4.6 | 1 | 4.6 | NS | 13 | 59.1 | 1 | 4.6 | 8 | 36.4 | <0.05 |
| No | 1281 | 78 | 205 | 12.6 | 148 | 9.1 | NS | 1103 | 68 | 265 | 16.2 | 266 | 16.3 | <0.05 |
| Presence and treatment of somatic diseases | ||||||||||||||
| “I get sick, I take medications regularly” | 306 | 67.3 | 68 | 15 | 81 | 17.8 | <0.01 | 268 | 58.9 | 93 | 20.4 | 94 | 20.7 | <0.01 |
| “I get sick, I don’t take medications” | 82 | 75.9 | 14 | 13 | 12 | 11.1 | <0.01 | 52 | 48.2 | 19 | 17.6 | 37 | 34.3 | <0.01 |
| “I’m not sick” | 915 | 83.5 | 125 | 11.4 | 56 | 5.1 | <0.01 | 798 | 72.8 | 154 | 14.1 | 144 | 13.2 | <0.01 |
| The use of drugs with a hypnotic effect | ||||||||||||||
| No | 1203 | 80 | 181 | 12 | 129 | 8.5 | NS | 1059 | 70 | 246 | 16.3 | 208 | 13.8 | <0.01 |
| Yes, occasionally | 75 | 71.4 | 17 | 16.2 | 13 | 12.4 | NS | 44 | 41.9 | 15 | 14.3 | 46 | 43.8 | <0.01 |
| A few times a week | 14 | 63.6 | 5 | 22.7 | 3 | 13.6 | NS | 6 | 27.3 | 4 | 18.2 | 12 | 55 | <0.01 |
| Every day | 11 | 57.9 | 4 | 21.1 | 4 | 21.1 | NS | 9 | 47.4 | 1 | 5.3 | 9 | 47.4 | <0.01 |
| The use of OTC drugs/supplements with a sedative or hypnotic effect | ||||||||||||||
| No | 1023 | 81 | 150 | 11.8 | 97 | 10.7 | <0.01 | 925 | 72.8 | 195 | 15.4 | 150 | 11.8 | <0.01 |
| Yes, occasionally | 225 | 75.3 | 42 | 14.1 | 32 | 10.7 | <0.01 | 157 | 52.5 | 51 | 17.1 | 91 | 30.4 | <0.01 |
| A few times a week | 29 | 61.7 | 8 | 17 | 10 | 21.3 | <0.01 | 19 | 40.4 | 11 | 23.4 | 17 | 36.2 | <0.01 |
| Yes everyday | 26 | 60.5 | 7 | 16.3 | 10 | 23.3 | <0.01 | 17 | 39.5 | 9 | 20.9 | 17 | 39.5 | <0.01 |
NS *—statistically insignificant.