Table 1.
Particular information on microglia subtypes.
| Phenotype | Polarization agents | Makers | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | LPS, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-17 | IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23 | pro-inflammation |
| TNF-α | pro-inflammation | ||
| iNOS | oxidative damage | ||
| MHC-II | antigen presentation | ||
| CCL2, CCL5, CCL20 | chemokine | ||
| CXCL10 | chemokine | ||
| MMP2, MMP9 | matrix decomposition | ||
| CD16, CD32 | phagocytosis, chemotaxis | ||
| M2 | |||
| M2a | IL-4, IL-13 | IL-4, IL-10 | anti-inflammation |
| TGF-β | anti-inflammation | ||
| CD36 | phagocytosis | ||
| CD206 | phagocytosis | ||
| CCL22 | chemokine | ||
| Arg-1 | tissue regeneration | ||
| Ym-1 | stabilizing extracellular matrix | ||
| Fizz1 | tissue regeneration | ||
| M2b | TLRs agonist, IL-1R ligands, Fc receptors | MCH-II | pro-inflammation |
| CD86 | pro-inflammation | ||
| IL-1RA | anti-inflammation | ||
| IL-10 | anti-inflammation | ||
| M2c | IL-10, TGF-β, glucocorticoid | CD163 | phagocytosis |
| IGF-1 | tissue regeneration | ||
| NGF | tissue regeneration | ||
| BDNF | tissue regeneration | ||
| NT3, NT4/5 | tissue regeneration | ||
| Arg-1 | tissue regeneration | ||
| YM-1 | stabilize extracellular matrix | ||
| Fizz1 | tissue regeneration |
LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IFN-γ, interferon γ; TNF-α-II, tumor necrosis factor α; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; MHC-II, major histocompatibility complex II; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; Arg-1, arginine 1; Ym-1, chitinase 3-like 3; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; NGF, nerve growth factor; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; NT3, neurotrophin 3; NT4/5, neurotrophin 4/5; FIZZ1, resistin-like-α.