TABLE 3.
Clinical applications for exosomes in different types of cancer.
| Exosomes application | Cargoes | Derived cells | Major outcome | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarkers | MIF | PDAC | Establish a pre-metastatic niche; enhance metastatic burden | Costa-Silva et al. (2015) |
| miR-221-3p | CSCC | The levels of miRNA are closely associated LN metastasis | Zhou et al. (2019) | |
| miR-25-3p/miR-92a-3p | LPS | Correlation with tumor diagnosis | Casadei et al. (2017) | |
| miR-203 | CRC | Correlated to distant metastasis and can be an independent poor prognostic factor | Takano et al. (2017) | |
| CRNDE-h | CRC | Correlate with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis; poor survival rates | Liu et al. (2016) | |
| Drug Delivery | Drugs/siRNAs | Ovarian cancer | Reverse immunosuppression caused by M2-TAMs | Kanlikilicer et al. (2018) |
| Drugs (DOX and PTX) | Macrophage | Display anticancer ability in cancer metastasis | Batrakova and Kim, (2015); Kim et al. (2018) | |
| Immunotherapy | Nanovesicles (M1NVs) | M1 Macrophages | Suppress tumor growth; promote antitumor efficacy of the checkpoint inhibitor therapy | Choo et al. (2018) |
| Modified exosomes (Ce6-R-Exo) | Pancreatic Cancer | Generate reactive oxygen species; Release cytokines | Jang et al. (2021) | |
| Modified exosomes (siGRP78) | BM-MSCs | Enhance chemosensitivity to sorafenib | Li et al. (2018a) | |
| peptide antigens-based vaccine | DC | Stimulate CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ CLTs to participate in the anti-tumor response | Hsu et al. (2003); Fu et al. (2020) | |
| T cells-based vaccine | T cells | Enhance CD4+ T-cell responses for trastuzumab-resistant HER2+ breast cancer | Xie et al. (2018) |