Fig. 6.

Highly concentrated larval emergence increases $R_0$ when larvae emerge slightly after nymphs. (A) Concentrated nymphal emergence drives high mouse infection prevalence and results in high transmission to larvae when larval emergence is tightly concentrated ($l_l=15,l_n=15$). (B) Transmission from mice to larvae decreases as larval emergence duration increases because larvae are more likely to feed on uninfected mice born after nymphal activity ($l_l=40,l_n=15$). (C) Transmission from mice to larvae also decreases if larval emergence duration is highly concentrated and nymphal emergence duration is broad because many larvae feed before nymphs infect mice ($l_l=20,l_n=40$). $R_0$ is calculated assuming tick emergence is $U(l_l)$ where $l_l$ is the larval emergence length (see Appendix C.) $\widehat{L}={\widehat{L}}^{\ast },{\widehat{N}}_i=1,{\widehat{N}}_u={\widehat{N}}^{\ast }-1$ (see Appendix A.) $t_{l0}=15$ days; all other parameter values are shown in Table 1