Table 3.

Mean binding values (ms) (operant – baseline judgment errors) for Experiment 1 without participant exclusions

		Mean	Paired t-test (operant vs. baseline)	Baseline variance
c-u	action binding	15.63	t(29) = 2.42, p = .011, d = 0.44	24243.21
	effect binding	-74.63	t(29) = 5.74, p < .001, d = 1.05	18437.32
c-c	action binding	23.20	t(29) = 3.06, p = .002, d = 0.56	24243.21
	effect binding	-61.62	t(29) = 5.98, p < .001, d = 1.09	17802.13
u-c	action binding	94.17	t(29) = 3.22, p = .002, d = 0.59	99841.72
	effect binding	-45.53	t(29) = 3.29, p = .001, d = 0.60	17802.13

Note. Paired t-tests are one-tailedd and contrast the respective baseline with the operant condition. Conditions: c-u = certain action (keyboard press) and uncertain effect (white noise); c-c = certain action (keyboard press) and certain effect (beep tone); u-c = uncertain action (force sensor press) and certain effect (beep tone). Effect sizes are reported as Cohen’s d_z. Baseline variances are the mean variance of estimation errors in the respective baseline block