Table 3.
Descriptive statistics and results from the test and mean differences by gender of household head
| Variables description | Pooled sample [1] | MHHs [2] | All FHHs [3] | De jure FHHs [4] | de facto FHHs [5] | Test statistics | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [2]--[3] | [4]--[5] | ||||||
| Outcome variable | |||||||
| Total yield (ton/ha) | 2.44 | 2.57 | 2.06 | 2.07 | 2.05 | 0.51*** | 0.02 |
| Log [total yield (ton/ha)] | 0.460 | 0.588 | 0.150 | 0.116 | 0.197 | 0.438*** | − 0.081 |
| Total value of product (Birr/ha) | 7367.70 | 8105.7 | 5368.7 | 5498.7 | 5182.10 | 2737*** | 316.57 |
| Log [total value of product (Birr/ha)] | 8.345 | 8.465 | 8.022 | 7.993 | 8.063 | 0.443*** | − 0.07 |
| Independent variables | |||||||
| Sex of the household head | 0.73 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.46*** | 0.05 | |
| Age of the household head in years | 42.61 | 42.20 | 43.72 | 45.40 | 41.20 | − 1.52 | 4.20*** |
| Education level of the household head in years | 3.43 | 3.52 | 3.32 | 3.26 | 3.20 | 0.30 | 0.06 |
| Size of household | 6.18 | 6.66 | 4.90 | 4.53 | 5.44 | 1.76*** | − 0.91 |
| Number of children in the household (<15 years) | 2.12 | 2.40 | 1.36 | 1.22 | 1.56 | 1.04*** | − 0.34 |
| Number of the males in the household (>15 years) | 2.18 | 2.38 | 1.65 | 1.42 | 1. 98 | 0.73*** | − 0.56** |
| Number of the females in the household (>15 years) | 1.88 | 1.87 | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.90 | − 0.03 | − 0.01 |
| Male family labor work h/ha | 179.14 | 179.08 | 179.28 | 178.78 | 179.99 | − 0.20 | − 1.21 |
| Female family labor work h/ha | 100.41 | 101.01 | 98.75 | 97.60 | 100.40 | 2.26 | − 2.80 |
| Total number of livestock owned by household in total livestock unit (TLU) | 6.03 | 6.43 | 4.95 | 4.75 | 5.62 | 1.48*** | − 0.87** |
| Number of oxen owned by the household | 1.55 | 1.66 | 1.23 | 1.20 | 1.27 | 0.43*** | − 0.07* |
| Total land holding of the household in hectares | 1.58 | 1.70 | 1.24 | 1.30 | 1.16 | 0.46*** | 0.14** |
| Land used to grow maize in hectares | 0.82 | 0.90 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.59 | 0.30*** | 0.02* |
| Amount of fertilizer applied (kg/ha) | 90.20 | 98.50 | 83.20 | 80.60 | 86.80 | 15.30*** | − 6.20* |
| Type of maize seed variety used (1 = improved) | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.55 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.13** | − 0.01 |
| Access to credit service (1 = yes) | 0.38 | 0.47 | 0.36 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.11** | − 0.07* |
| Contact with extension agent (1 = yes) | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.77 | 0.07* | − 0.07* |
| Distance from the market in km | 10.88 | 9.80 | 11.27 | 10.62 | 14.37 | − 1.47* | − 3.75** |
| Intercropping (1 = yes) | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.43 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.15** | 0.08 |
| Crop rotation (1 = yes) | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.48 | 0.14** | 0.02 |
| Agro ecology | |||||||
| Lowland | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.50 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
| Midland | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.42 | 0.01 | − 0.07 |
| Highland | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.08 | − 0.03** | − 0.01 |
| Number of observations | 560 | 409 | 151 | 89 | 62 | ||
Source: Own survey result (2018) ***, ** and * denote level of significance at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively. Birr is the Ethiopian official currency