Table 3.

Comparison with PFA Yapici and Cetinkaya (2019)

Function	Proposed approach	PFA Yapici and Cetinkaya (2019)	$f({\mathit{x}}_{\mathrm{opt}})$
$f_2$	0.117980 ± 0.048295	5.5674E−25 ± 7.9092E−25	0
$f_3$	0.031421 ± 0.016130	9.9813E−46 ± 3.3585E−45	0
$f_5$	0.437154 ± 0.249896	3.4831E−14 ± 6.2094E−14	0
$f_7$	− 49.996395 ± 0.004986	− 50.0000 ± 1.98E−11	− 50${}^{†}$
$f_8$	0.081319 ± 0.027990	11.5480 ± 12.9802	0
$f_9$	0.425310 ± 0.408112	0.0006 ± 0.0012	0
$f_{11}$	0.610558 ± 0.145078	3.1549E+3 ± 5.6274E+2	0
$f_{14}$	3.000043 ± 7.51E−5	3.0000 ± 2.4952E−16	3
$f_{16}$	− 3.855772 ± 0.009925	− 3.8628 ± 1.5026E−15	− 3.8628

${}^{†}$This value has been evaluated for $n=6$ (as in Yapici and Cetinkaya 2019)