Fig. 4.

Efficacy of EPN in protecting maize roots from WCR larvae in a field trial. Control plants (NoWCR, NoEPN) suffered significantly less damage than any other of the treatments. Plots with insect infestation but no EPN (WCR only and Empty beads) had the most damage, whereas EPN application (EPN water, Early/Late/Early + Late (E + L) EPN beads) suffered significantly less damage, whether the EPN were sprayed or applied in 4 K beads. EPN beads were formed with 0.5% sodium alginate and 2% CaCl₂·2H₂O solutions as described in the text. Bars represent SEM, and capital letters indicate statistical differences between treatments