Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with S. mansoni infection among schoolchildren attending primary schools around Lake Tana, northwest, Ethiopia, 2021.
| Variables | S. mansoni infection status | COR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive (%) | Negative (%) | Total | |||||
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 140 (41.2) | 200 (58.8) | 340 | 1.736(1.262–2.388) | 0.001 | 1.741(1.233–2.457) | 0.002* |
| Female | 98 (28.7) | 243 (71.3) | 341 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Age category | |||||||
| 5–9 years | 43 (31.4) | 94 (68.6) | 137 | 2.287(0.259–20.176) | 0.456 | ||
| 10–14 years | 168 (36.8) | 288 (63.2) | 456 | 2.917(0.338–25.176) | 0.330 | ||
| 15–19 years | 26 (31.7) | 56 (68.3) | 82 | 2.321(0.258–20.885) | 0.452 | ||
| >19 years | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 6 | 1 | |||
| Grade | |||||||
| 1–4 | 118 (34.1) | 228 (65.9) | 346 | 0.927 (0.677–1.271) | 0.639 | ||
| 5–8 | 120 (35.8) | 215 (64.2) | 325 | 1 | |||
| Place of residence | |||||||
| Urban | 157 (43.1) | 207 (56.9) | 364 | 2.210 (1.594–3.064) | 0.000 | 1.444(0.824–2.528) | 0.199 |
| Rural | 81 (25.6) | 236 (74.4) | 317 | 1 | 1 | ||
| School Name | |||||||
| Alabo | 49 (39.2) | 76 (60.8) | 125 | 3.385 (1.096–10.457) | 0.034 | 3.386(1.084–10.572) | 0.036* |
| Ayertena | 40 (36.4) | 70 (63.6) | 110 | 3.00 (0.962–9.358) | 0.058 | 3.194(1.009–10.110) | 0.048* |
| Gorgora | 21 (29.2) | 51 (70.8) | 72 | 2.162(0.662–7.062) | 0.202 | 3.932(0.583–6.402) | 0.281 |
| Gurer | 11 (35.5) | 20 (64.5) | 31 | 2.887(0.789–10.573) | 0.109 | 2.475(0.664–9.223) | 0.177 |
| Qunzela | 62 (68.9) | 28 (31.1) | 90 | 11.625(3.649–37.033) | 0.000 | 10.545(3.264–34.067) | 0.001* |
| Robit | 36 (25.7) | 104 (74.3) | 140 | 1.817(0.584–5.651) | 0.302 | 1.723(0.548–5.415) | 0.352 |
| Woramit | 15 (17.0) | 73 (83.0) | 88 | 1.079(0.323–3.600) | 0.902 | 1.027(0.304–3.464) | 0.966 |
| Ura | 4 (16.0) | 21 (84.0) | 25 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Family size | |||||||
| 1–3 | 47 (39.5) | 72 (60.5) | 119 | 1 | |||
| 4–6 | 138 34.0) | 268 (66.0) | 406 | 1.001(0.678–1.478) | 0.997 | ||
| Above 6 | 53 (34.0) | 103 (66.0) | 156 | 1.269(0.773–2.081) | 0.346 | ||
| Religion | |||||||
| Orthodox | 232 (35.0) | 431 (65) | 663 | 1.077(0.399–2.906) | 0.884 | ||
| Muslim | 6 (33.3) | 12 (66.7) | 18 | 1 | |||
| Mother Education | |||||||
| Illiterate | 140 (34.3) | 268 (65.7) | 408 | 0.993(0.449–2.192) | 0.985 | ||
| Primary | 58 (37.2) | 98 (62.8) | 156 | 1.124(0.489–2583) | 0.782 | ||
| Secondary | 30 (34.1) | 58 (65.9) | 88 | 0.883(0.406–2.378) | 0.969 | ||
| College | 10 (34.5) | 19 (65.5) | 29 | 1 | |||
| Father Education | |||||||
| Illiterate | 112 (34.6) | 212 (65.4) | 324 | 1.097(0.545–2.210) | 0.795 | ||
| Primary | 64 (33.9) | 125 (66.1) | 189 | 1.063(0.514–2.200) | 0.868 | ||
| Secondary | 49 (38.3) | 79 (61.7) | 128 | 1.288(0.608–2.731) | 0.509 | ||
| College | 13 (32.5) | 27 (67.5) | 40 | 1 | |||
| Family occupation | |||||||
| Farmer | 92(37.2) | 221(62.8) | 313 | 0.702(0.433–1.138) | 0.151 | 1.1017(0.540–1.917) | 0.957 |
| Merchant | 84 (29.4) | 116 (70.6) | 200 | 1.221(0.738–2.020) | 0.438 | 1.164(0.658–2.058) | 0.603 |
| Others | 27 (42.0) | 47 (58.0) | 74 | 0.968(0.515–1.821) | 0.921 | 1.035(0.520–2.060) | 0.923 |
| Employed | 35 (36.5) | 59 (63.5) | 94 | 1 | |||
| Availability of water for swimming | |||||||
| Yes | 205 (36.9) | 350 (63.1) | 555 | 1.651(1.071–2.545) | 0.023 | 1.016(0.572–1.802) | 0.958 |
| No | 33 (26.2) | 93 (73.8) | 126 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Swimming habit | |||||||
| Yes | 157 (39.5) | 242 (60.7) | 399 | 1.610(1.161–2.232) | 0.004 | 1.127(0.674–1.886) | 0.648 |
| 1 | |||||||
| No | 81 (28.7) | 201 (71.3) | 282 | 1 | |||
| Bathing habit | |||||||
| Yes | 173 (39.9) | 261 (60.1) | 434 | 1.856(1.318–2.613) | 0.000 | 1.493(1.013–2.199) | 0.043* |
| No | 65 (26.3) | 182 (73.7) | 247 | 1 | 1 | ||
| Washing cloth | |||||||
| Yes | 163 (39.5) | 250 (60.5) | 413 | 1.678(1.204–2.338) | 0.002 | 1.198(0.688–2.087) | 0.523 |
| No | 75 (28.0) | 193 (72.0) | 268 | 1 | |||
| Fetching water | |||||||
| Yes | 55 (34.8) | 103 (65.2) | 158 | 0.992(0.683–1.441) | 0.967 | ||
| No | 183 (35.0) | 340 (65.0) | 523 | 1 | |||
| Crossing river | |||||||
| Yes | 88 (34.5) | 167 (65.5) | 255 | 0.970(0.700–1.343) | 0.853 | ||
| No | 150 (35.2) | 276 (64.8) | 426 | 1 | |||
| Fishing habit | |||||||
| Yes | 26 (41.3) | 37 (58.7) | 63 | 1.346(0.793–2.283) | 0.271 | ||
| No | 212 (34.3) | 406 (65.7) | 618 | 1 | |||
| Irrigation involvement | |||||||
| Yes | 52 (29.5) | 124 (70.5) | 176 | 0.719(0.496–1.042) | 0.082 | 0.885(0.578–1.355) | 0.573 |
| No | 186 (36.8) | 319 (63.2) | 505 | 1 | 1.418(0.964–2.087) | 0.076 | |
COR: Crude Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval.
* Significant association