. 2021 Oct 27;16(10):e0258369. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258369

Table 1. Chaco Canyon macrobotanical remains from 2013–2015 excavations.

Family	Taxonomic Name	Common name	Plant Part	Weight (g)	Ubiquity	Op.	Field Sample	Depth (cmbd)	Chronology
Seeds
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthus sp.	Amaranth	Sseed(1)	< .01	2.63%	A-6	FS100	108	~.AD 1930
Amaranthaceae	Atriplex sp.	Saltbush	Sseeds(2)	< .01	5.26%	A-6	FS100	108	~AD 1930
Amaranthaceae	Atriplex sp.	Saltbush	Sseeds(2)	< .01	5.26%	C-2	Float	115	AD 306–506*
Amaranthaceae	Chenopodium sp.	Goosefoot	seed(1)	< .01	2.63%	A-6	FS100	108	~AD 1930
Portulacaceae	Portulaca oleracea	Purslane	seeds(2)	< .01	2.63%	A-6	FS100	108	~ AD 1930
Verbenaceae	Verbena sp.	Verbena	seed(1)	< .01	2.63%	C-2	Float	115	AD 306–506*
Charcoal
various		Conifer	charcoal	0.49	7.89%	C-2	FS110	125	300–700 BC†
						C-4	FS115	107
						C-4	FS174	153	3100–3700 BC†
Cupressaceae	Juniperus cf. monosperma	Juniper	charcoal	0.48	7.89%	C-4	FS117	28–37	~ AD 500–750
						C-4	FS116	98	100 BC-AD 50*
						C-3	FS98	60–92	AD 328–384*
Pinaceae	Pinus edulis	Pine	charcoal	1.96	10.53%	C-1	FS91	85	AD 800–1000†
						C-1	FS87	39–56	AD 900–1100†
						C-4	FS175	106	~AD 500–750
						C-2	FS113	100	AD 300–500†
various		Hardwood	charcoal	0.80	23.68%	A-9	FS102	185
						A-9	FS103	240
						A-9	FS105	115
						C-1	FS90	53–57	AD 1018–1100*
						C-1	FS92	90
						C-2	Float	115
						C-3	FS99	91
						C-4	FS173	138	AD 1026–1116*
						E-1	FS101	178	AD 1026–1116*
Adoxaceae	Sambucus sp.	Elderberry	charcoal	6.75	18.42%	C-1	FS88	34–50	AD 1681–1925*
						C-1	FS93	55–71	AD 1665–1797*
						C-1	FS89	57–72
						C-1	FS95	71–112
						C-1	FS133	27–32
						C-3	FS97	60	AD 1673–1925*
						C-3	FS96	42–55	AD 1676–1926*
Anacardiaceae	Rhus sp.	Sumac	charcoal	1.37	2.63%	C-2	FS108	115	AD 300–500†
Salicaceae	Populus sp.	Cottonwood	charcoal	1.49	2.63%	C-2	FS109	142	AD 708–776*
Salicaceae	Salix sp.	Willow	charcoal	0.35	2.63%	C-4	FS114	84	AD 500–700†
		Unknown	charcoal	3.09	2.63%	C-2	FS112	125

Chronological assignments marked with an “*” were determined by AMS radiocarbon (¹⁴C) analysis. Chronological assignments marked with a “†” were determined by OSL dating. Samples marked with “~” are estimates based on stratigraphic contexts and adjacent chronometric assessments.