Table 3.
NGAL, proinflammatory cytokines, and glycemic parameters in relation to the HbF level.
| Parameters | Patients with diabetes | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High HbF (n = 41) | Low HbF (n = 119) | ||
| Lipocalin | |||
| NGAL (ng/mL) | 165.0 (120.5–195.0) | 110.0 (78.0–165.0) | <0.001 |
| Elevated NGAL (n, %) | 28 (68.3) | 48 (40.3) | 0.002 |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | |||
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 70.2 (19.8–115.3) | 31.8 (9.3–64.5) | <0.001 |
| IL-5 (pg/mL) | 24.5 (10.3–67.4) | 11.2 (6.2–42.8) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic parameters | |||
| FPG (mmol/L) | 10.1 ± 3.1 | 9.6 ± 2.7 | 0.327 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.27 ± 0.61 | 7.12 ± 0.72 | 0.234 |
| Anemia indices | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.5 ± 2.6 | 13.2 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| Anemia (n, %) | 21 (51.2) | 28 (23.5) | <0.001 |
| Kidney function | |||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 80.6 ± 9.8 | 81.9 ± 10.4 | 0.485 |
| MAU (n, %) | 11 (26.8) | 19 (16.0) | 0.128 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or frequency (%). NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; IL-5: interleukin-5; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; MAU: microalbuminuria; HbF: fetal hemoglobin.