Table 2.

Independent Predictors of Postdischarge Opioid Use After Cardiac Surgery

Variable	Pills Taken After Discharge	Pills Taken After Discharge	Univariate P Value	Multivariable P Value
Agea
<60 y (n = 510)	5 (0–21)	14 ± 20	<.001	<.001
60–69 y (n = 487)	1 (0–14)	9 ± 15
≥70 y (n = 498)	0 (0–4)	4 ± 9
Cerebrovascular disease
Yes (n = 286)	0 (0–12)	9 ± 15	0.23	.013
No (n = 1120)	1 (0–13)	9 ± 16
Cancer within the past 5 y
Yes (n = 91)	0 (0–10)	7 ± 13	.24	.049
No (n = 1308)	1 (0–13)	9 ± 16
Primary insurance payorb
Medicare (reference) (n = 761)	0 (0–9)	7 ± 13	Reference
Self-pay/no insurance (n = 15)	0 (0–0)	2 ± 7	.08	.011
Medicaid (n = 113)	12 (0–37)	19 ± 21	<.001	.50
Military/other governmental (n = 35)	0 (0–10)	9 ± 18	.51	.89
Commercial (n = 437)	4 (0–17)	11 ± 16	.001	.48
Health maintenance organization (n = 134)	3 (0–14)	10 ± 15	.09	.61
Number of pills taken on day before dischargea
0 (n = 710)	0	2 ± 5	<.001	<.001
1–3 (n = 536)	7 (1–17)	11 ± 13
≥4 (n = 249)	24 (10–40)	28 ± 23
Pain during the first week after surgeryb
None (n = 80)	0	2 ± 7	Reference
Minimal (n = 418)	0 (0–3)	4 ± 9	.001	.001
Moderate (n = 683)	3 (0–14)	10 ± 15	<.001	<.001
Severe (n = 238)	14 (2–28)	19 ± 22	<.001	<.001
Length of staya
3–5 d (n = 615)	3 (0–17)	11 ± 17	<.001	.004
6–7 d (n = 487)	1 (0–12)	9 ± 15
≥8 d (n = 393)	0 (0–9)	7 ± 14

^aAnalyzed as a continuous variable in multivariable regression

^bAnalyzed as a categorical variable in multivariable regression.

Values are median (interquartile range) or mean ± SD. The full model is shown in in Supplemental Table 2.