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. 2021 Oct 28;30(3):2225–2236. doi: 10.1007/s00520-021-06625-8

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2021

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 1 — Extraoral PBM—the LED probe is applied flat against the patient’s face and neck for 60 s, at five treatment sites (50 mW/cm² × 60 s = 3.0 J/cm² per location). Placebo/sham extraoral PBM protocol—an inactivated probe is applied flat against the patient’s face and neck for 60 s, at five same treatment sites as PBM protocol. Treatment sites: right face side (A), right neck (B), left face side (C), left neck (D), and center face (E and F).