Table 2.
Pre-Arrest Clinical Characteristics.
| Overall (N = 18,575) | PH (N = 1,590) | No PH (N = 16,985) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary hospital diagnosis category | ||||
| Trauma | 2,331 (12.6%) | 14 (0.9%) | 2,317 (13.6%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory | 3,638 (19.6%) | 462 (29.1%) | 3,176 (18.7%) | <0.001 |
| Oncologic | 363 (2.0%) | 12 (0.8%) | 351 (2.1%) | <0.001 |
| Endocrinologic | 57 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 56 (0.3%) | 0.09 |
| Neurologic | 1,368 (7.4%) | 35 (2.2%) | 1,333 (7.9%) | <0001 |
| Cardiovascular | 6,356 (34.2%) | 784 (49.3%) | 5,572 (32.8%) | <0.001 |
| Other | 4,455 (24.0%) | 280 (17.6%) | 4,175 (24.6%) | <0.001 |
| Pre-existing conditions (at time of arrest) | ||||
| Chronic lung disease | 2,762 (14.9%) | 678 (42.6%) | 2,084 (12.3%) | <0.001 |
| Acute respiratory insufficiency | 13,226 (71.2%) | 1,263 (79.4%) | 11,963 (70.4%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory infection | 3,200 (17.2%) | 436 (27.4%) | 2,764 (16.3%) | <0.001 |
| Congenital heart disease | 5,104 (27.5%) | 1,007 (63.3%) | 4,097 (24.1%) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure / Cardiomyopathy / Myocarditis | 2,313 (12.4%) | 484 (30.4%) | 1,829 (10.1%) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 98 (0.5%) | 14 (0.9%) | 84 (0.5%) | 0.04 |
| Shock | 3,038 (16.4%) | 256 (16.1%) | 2,782 (16.3%) | 0.77 |
| Sepsis / Bacteremia | 2,578 (13.9%) | 280 (17.6%) | 2,298 (13.5%) | <0.001 |
| Trauma / Burn | 2,461 (13.2%) | 96 (6.0%) | 2,365 (13.9%) | <0.001 |
| Drowning / Near-drowning | 948 (5.1%) | 7 (0.4%) | 941 (5.5%) | <0.001 |
| Renal failure | 2,229 (12.0%) | 246 (15.5%) | 1,983 (11.7%) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy / Bone marrow transplant | 1,154 (6.2%) | 53 (3.3%) | 1,101 (6.5%) | <0.001 |
| Hepatic dysfunction | 1,143 (6.1%) | 102 (6.4%) | 1,041 (6.1%) | 0.65 |
| Seizure disorder | 3,177 (17.1%) | 141 (8.9%) | 3,036 (17.9%) | <0.001 |
| Stroke | 1,180 (6.3%) | 142 (8.9%) | 1,038 (6.1%) | <0.001 |
| Other CNS dysfunction | 5,919 (31.9%) | 354 (22.3%) | 5,565 (32.8%) | <0.001 |
| PIM-2 Score | −1.8 [−3.3, −0.3] | −3.1 [−4.2, −1.7] | −1.7 [−3.2, −0.2] | <0.001 |
| PIM-2 Probability of Death | 14.8 [3.7, 41.6] | 4.2 [1.4, 15.9] | 15.5 [4.0, 46.1] | <0.001 |
| Interventions in place at time of arrest | ||||
| Central venous catheter | 5,721 (30.8%) | 679 (42.7%) | 5,042 (29.7%) | <0.00 |
| Arterial catheter | 3,280 (17.7%) | 376 (23.7%) | 2,904 (17.1%) | <0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 10,983 (59.1%) | 908 (57.1%) | 10,075 (59.3%) | 0.09 |
| Advanced mode of ventilation (HFOV, jet ventilation, liquid ventilation) | 113 (0.6%) | 23 (1.4%) | 90 (0.5%) | <0.001 |
| Conventional mechanical ventilation | 10,870 (58.5%) | 885 (55.7%) | 9,985 (58.8%) | 0.02 |
| Non-invasive ventilation (CPAP/BiPAP) | 343 (1.9%) | 53 (3.3%) | 290 (1.7%) | <0.001 |
| High-flow nasal cannula | 438 (2.4%) | 86 (5.4%) | 352 (2.1%) | <0.001 |
| Inhaled nitric oxide (among reporting ICUs) | 354 / 11,052 (3.2%) | 145 / 1,113 (13.0%) | 209 / 9,939 (2.1%) | <0.001 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 302 (1.6%) | 43 (2.7%) | 259 (1.5%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac surgery during hospitalization | 2,873 (15.5%) | 413 (26.1%) | 2,460 (14.5%) | <0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 41 (0.2%) | 7 (0.4%) | 34 (0.2%) | 0.05 |
PH = pulmonary hypertension; CNS = central nervous system; PIM-2 = Pediatric Index of Mortality 2; HFOV = high-frequency oscillatory ventilation; CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure; BiPAP = bilevel positive airway pressure; ICU = intensive care unit.