Table 1.
Description of Retained Studies.
| Study | n, race, sample | Child Age (Range, M, SD) | Maternal Anxiety Measure | Overprotection Measure | Method Design | Results of relation between anxiety and overprotection | Strength of methodology/Risk of bias score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bayer et al., 2019 |
n = 545 parents (94% mothers); Race/ethnicity not reported; Recruited if child was inhibited; Australia |
M = 4.5 years, SD = 0.4 | DASS (anxiety subscale) | Bayer et al.’s (2006, 2010) overinvolve d/protective parenting scale | Correlation; Longitudinal | DASS and overinvolved/protective at age 4 (r = .20), age 5 (r = .13), age 6 (r = .08) | 5 |
| Booker et al., 2018 |
n = 113 (not specified how many mothers versus fathers but data is reported separately for mothers and fathers); Race and ethnicity not reported; Children from a clinical sample; United States |
6–15 years (M = 8.77 years, SD = 1.75) | BSI (anxiety subscale) | PBI (self-report and child report) | Correlation and multivariate; Cross-sectional | BSI and PBI (self-report; r = .07) BSI and PBI (child-report; r = .31); BSI did not uniquely predict overprotection for the self-report PBI over and above months since intervention, treatment group (trends over time), and maternal grandmother’s level of overprotection (b = 0.22, SE = 0.18; d = 0.06); or the child-report PBI over and above months since intervention and child gender (b = −0.27, SE = 0.29; d = −0.07). |
5 |
| Clarke et al., 2013 |
n = 90; 89% White British Origin; Children were clinical sample and non-clinical controls; English |
7–12 years (M = 9.30 years, SD = 1.40) | DASS (anxiety subscale) | OP | Multivariate; Cross-sectional | Association between DASS (anxiety subscale) and OP controlling for child age and maternal depression (ß = 0.27, b = 0.63, SE = 0.29). | 3 |
| Cooklin et al., 2013 |
n = 3,103; Race/ethnicity not reported; Community sample; Australia |
Wave 1: 3–12 months Wave 2: 2–3 years |
MSAS | Bayer et al.’s (2006, 2010) overinvolve d/protective parenting scale | SEM; Longitudinal |
MSAS wave 1 and overprotective parenting wave 2 (ß=.49) | 3 |
| Creswell et al., 2013 |
n = 88; 81.82% White British Origin; Children were clinical sample; Mothers were half clinical sample and half non-clinical sample; England |
7–12 years | ADIS; DASS (anxiety subscale) | Observed behaviors in 3 tasks (i.e., speech, tangram puzzles, and black box); Measured dichotomously | Group differences; Cross-sectional |
Maternal anxiety group differences in overprotection (b = 0.12, 95% CI = [0.001, 20.95]) | 1 |
| Fliek et al., 2015 |
n = 105; Did not report race/ethnicity; Community sample; Belgium |
2–6 years (M = 4.27 years, SD = 1.07) | STAI | POM | Correlation; Cross-sectional | STAI and POM (r = .02) | 4 |
| Gibler et al., 2018 |
n = 94; 92.55% European American, 1.06% African American, 4.26% Asian American, 2.13% Latina; Community sample; United States |
n = 60 (M = 14.11 months, SD = 1.34); n = 34 (M = 26.59 months, SD = 1.93) | DASS (anxiety subscale) | CRPR (overprotection subscale) | Correlation and multivariate; Cross-sectional | DASS and CRPR (r = .15); Path between DASS and CRPR in model of relations among paternal anxiety, maternal anxiety, paternal overprotection, maternal overprotection, and child anxiety risk (b = 0.10, SE = 0.08) | 4 |
| Kalomiris & Kiel, 2016 | n = 117; 87% European American, 3% African American, 5% Asian American, 1% American Indian, 2% other, 1% Latina; Community sample; United States | 23.97–27.00 months (M = 24.71 months) | PSWQ | NFV; Observed behaviors (composite of behaviors during interaction with a clown and a puppet show) | Correlation; Cross-sectional | PSWQ and NFV (r = .23) PSWQ and Observed OP (r = .14) Association between PSWQ and NFV (b = 0.11, SE = 0.05, t = 2.14, p = 0.36) and PSWQ and observed OP (b = 0.02, SE = 0.01, t = 1.15, p = 0.253 controlling for primiparous motherhood |
2 |
| Kiel & Maack, 2012 |
n = 91; 90% European American, 2% African American, 6% Asian American, 2% Other; Community sample; United States |
(M = 24.74 months, SD = 0.70) | SIAS | NFV | Correlation; Cross-sectional | SIAS and NFV (r = .06) | 4 |
| Kiel et al., 2019 |
n = 108; 88.0% European American, 1.9% African American, 3.7% Asian or Pacific Islander, 0.9% Native American; 0.9% Other; 1.9% Hispanic or Latina; Community sample; United States |
24 to 30 months old (M = 26.84 months, SD = 2.10 months) | DASS (anxiety subscale); PSWQ; SIAS | NFV | Correlation; Cross-sectional | DASS and NFV (r = .36); PSWQ and NFV (r = .34); SIAS and NFV (r = .26) |
4 |
| Orgilés et al., 2018 |
n = 235; Race/ethnicity not reported; Community sample; Spain |
3–6 years (M = 4.07 years, SD = 1.11) | STAI | PEE | Multivariate; Cross-sectional | STAI and PEE (r = .41); STAI on PEE over and above child sex, child age, # of siblings, maternal age, and assertive, punitive, and inhibited parenting, (ß = .12, SE = 0.02, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.15], p < 0.001) | 4 |
| Pereira et al., 2014 |
n = 80 (not specified how many mothers versus fathers but data is reported separately for mothers and fathers); Race/ethnicity not reported; Children were clinical sample and non-clinical controls; Portugal |
7–12 years (M = 9.84 years, SD = 1.23) | STAI | EASP | Correlation; Cross-sectional | STAI and EASP (r = .42) | 4 |
| Root et al., 2016 |
n = 66; 97% Caucasian, 3% did not report; Community sample; United States |
4-year olds (M = 50.95 months, SD = 1.35) | Composite of the Leary Interaction Anxiousness Scale and the Cheek and Buss Shyness Scale | CRPR (overprotective subscale) | Multivariate | Anxiety composite and CRPR (r = .21); In moderation analysis, maternal anxiety related to overprotection at mean and low vagal regulation (i.e., mean RSA; ß = .24, low ß = .50) | 4 |
Note. n = number of mothers in the study unless specified that total n is fathers and mothers.