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Binding energy (eV) and percentage contributions of XPS C 1s peaks for the untreated and electrochemically treated CFMEs.
| Binding Energy (eV) | Control (%) | KCl (%) | H2O2 (%) | HCl (%) | KOH (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sp2 C | 283.7 | 36.3 | 37.3 | 50.1 | 38.9 | 36.3 |
| sp3 C | 285.2 | 41.1 | 41.3 | 28.2 | 41.6 | 37.5 |
| Sum of sp2 C and sp3 C | 77.4 | 78.6 | 78.3 | 80.5 | 73.8 | |
| C-O | 287.0 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 9.8 | 15.6 |
| C=O | 288.9 | 9.3 | 8.2 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 8.4 |
| π-π* | 291.1 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 2.2 |
