Table 2.
Cytokines in bone microenvironment and bone targeted treatment in different primary tumors.
| Cytokines Involved | References | Osteoblastic/Osteolytic | Bisphosphonates/Denosumab Recommended | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Renal Cancer | TGF-β, PDGF, FGF, ILGF, BMP1-3 BIGH3 (Pan et. al., 2018) | [1], [2], [3] | Osteolytic | Bis: Zolendronate (Zol) Denosumab |
| Prostate Cancer | GDF15, FGF, endothelin 1 | [8] | Osteoblastic | Bis: Zol Denosumab |
| Breast Cancer | IL-11, CTGF, CXCR4, MMP1 | [9], [10], [11], [12] | Mixed | Bis: Zol, Pamidronate, Clodronate, Ibandronate Denosumab |
| Lung Cancer | DKK1, IGFBP3, PTHrP, IL-11, TGF-β | [6], [13], [14] | Osteolytic (non-small cell), osteoblastic (small cell) | Zol Denosumab |
| Multiple Myeloma | RANKL, MIP1alpha, IL-3, IL-11, TNF, HGF | [12], [15], [16] | Osteolytic | Bis: Zol, Pamidronate Denosumab |