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. 2021 Aug 11;43(5):679–690. doi: 10.1007/s00281-021-00882-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Representative images of kidney biopsy immunohistochemistry staining for complement pathway proteins in IgA nephropathy. Representative images from the diagnostic biopsy of one patient with progressive IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and one patient with stable IgAN. Progressive IgAN was defined as the occurrence of 40% loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate or end-stage kidney disease over 5 years from diagnosis. Images show immunohistochemistry staining using antibodies to complement (C)3b/iC3b/C3c, C3dg, C4d, C5b9 (the membrane attack complex), factor H (FH), factor H–related protein (FHR)1 and FHR5. All images are at 400 × magnification. Patients were enrolled in the Causes and Predictors of Outcome in IgA Nephropathy study (UK National Research Ethics Service Committee number 14/LO/0155), and the images are taken from research reported in [34]