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. 2021 Oct 27;11:21224. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-00627-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The expression of muscle catabolic systems-related factors after intramuscular injection of MSCs. Protein expression of ubiquitinated proteins (A) and K48 linkage-specific polyubiquitin (B), mRNA expression of E3 ligases involved in muscle protein degradation (MuRF-1, Atrogin-1, and MUSA1, C), and involved in myogenesis (TRIM32, Nedd4, and Ozz, D), protein expression of LC3-I (E), LC3-II (F), and p62 (G), representative bands (H), and cross-sections of muscle showing localization of laminin and LC3 (I). Data are expressed relative to the control leg at 2 days post intramuscular injection of MSCs as the mean ± SE. Significant main effects of MSC were observed in ubiquitinated proteins and K48 linkage-specific polyubiquitin (P < 0.0001 in both). ^*P < 0.05 vs Control and ^†P < 0.05 vs ipsilateral muscle at 2 days post-injection.