Table 2.

Elastic moduli of individual plant tissues. Literature values ($E_{\mathit{lit}}$) and estimated values ($E_{\mathit{est}}$) for the species Carex pendula, Leonurus cardiaca and Opuntia ficus-indica are provided.

tissue	$E_{\mathit{lit}}$ (MPa)	species	$E_{\mathit{est}}$ (MPa)	$E_{\mathit{norm}}$ (/)
Sclerenchyma*	24,500–45,0004,11,22	C. pendula	45,000	1.00
Collenchyma	1000–26004,11,12	L. cardiaca	2500	0.05555
Vascular bundles	30–8404,11,13	C. pendula	1000	0.02222
Epidermis + periderm	350–500 (unpubl. data)	O. ficus-indica	500	0.01111
Epidermis (non-lignified)	3–25011,13,23	C. pendula	50	0.00111
Parenchyma and chlorenchyma (non-lignified)	5–10011	C. pendula	20	0.00044

*Since the elastic modulus of the sclerenchyma had the highest value, it was used as the reference tissue for the calculation of the normalised elastic moduli ($E_{\mathit{norm}}$) used in the mathematical models.